Table Info

Table 2.

Summary of Abs targeting CD80/86 interaction with CD28

Ab	Properties	Clinical application	Desired effects	Downsides	References
Abatacept	Fusion protein of the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 is linked to modified Fc portion	FDA-approved for: RA Psoriatic arthritis	Blocks CD80/86 interaction with CD28 Efficacious and relatively safe	Predisposes to infections Costly	[103, 104]
Belatacept	Similar to abatacept in structure 4-fold higher affinity to CD86 2-fold higher affinity to CD80	FDA-approved for: Immunosuppression after renal transplant	Higher graft survival compared to cyclosporine Does not cause nephrotoxicity associated with cyclosporine	Higher early acute rejection	[105, 106]
XPro952349 & MEDI5256	Similar to abatacept in structure Higher avidity to CD80/86 than abatacept and belatacept	-	Decreased humoral response to KLH immunization	-	[107, 108]
TAB08	Agonistic anti-CD28 Ab	Phase 2 clinical trial for RA	At low doses, minimal activation of CD28 preferentially expands Tregs and increases serum IL-10	Causes cytokine release syndrome if administered with a higher dose	[109–111]
FR104	Pegylated Fab with antagonistic CD28 activity	-	Decreased humoral response to KLH immunization in healthy human volunteers Improved GVHD-free survival in primate models	Increased infectious complications	[112, 113]

This table shows the various molecules generated to target co-stimulatory molecules (CD80/86) interaction with CD28. Inhibiting this interaction leads to T cell anergy and an inhibited immune response. -: no data. Fab: fragment Ag-binding; GVHD: graft-versus-host disease; TAB08: theralizumab

Declarations

Author contributions

MEJ: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—original draft. FS: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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