Table Info

Table 1.

Complement inhibitory active ingredients from medicinal plants

Sl No	Medicinal plants	Active ingredients	Actions on complement system	Reference(s)
1	Wedelia chinensis	Wedelosin	Inhibits CP and AP	[146]
2	Persicaria lapathifolia	Kaempferol glycoside and acylated quercetin glycosides	Inhibits CP	[147]
3	Rosemarinus officinalis	Rosmarinic acid	Inhibits CP and AP; binds C3; inhibits C5 convertase	[142, 148, 149]
4	Petasites hybridus	Sesquiterpin ester petasin	Inhibits C5a-induced calcium concentration	[150]
5	Jatropha multifida	Proanthocyanidin	Inhibits CP	[151]
6	Aloe vera	Polysaccharide	Inhibits AP	[152, 153]
7	Jatropha curcas	Curacycline A	Moderately inhibits CP	[154]
8	Centaurium spicatum	Quercetin	Complement inhibition	[155]
9	Piper kadsura	Piperlactam	Inhibits C5a-induced migration	[156]
10	Lithospermum euchromum	Polysaccharide	Inhibits CP and AP	[157]
11	Olea europaea	Apigenin and other flavonoids	Inhibits CP	[158]
12	Crataegus sinaica	Whole extract	Inhibits CP and AP	[159]
13	Angelica acutiloba	Fucans	Inhibits CP and AP	[160]
14	Ascophyllum nodosum	Aqueous leaf extract	Complement inhibition	[161]
15	Trichilia glabra	Sesquiterpenes, quinines, coumarins, and flavonoids	Inhibits of CP than AP	[162]
16	Arnebia euchroma	Crude polysaccharides	Modulation of the complement system	[163]
17	Bupleurum chinense	Crude and acidic polysaccharides	Inhibits of the excessive activation of complement	[164]
18	Houttuynia cordata Thunb	Crude polysaccharides	Inhibits inappropriate activation of the complement system	[165]
19	Juniperus pingiivar	Polysaccharides	Inhibits the activation of complement	[166]
20	Scutellaria baicalensis	Flavonoids-enriched extract	Reduce complement deposition and decrease complement activation	[167]
21	Areca catechu	Areca nut extract	Inhibits the production of complement receptors (CR1, CR3, and CR4)	[168]
22	Curcuma longa	Curcumin	Upregulates the expression of factor H and complement regulatory proteins	[169, 170]
23	Boswellia serrata	β-Boswellic acid	Inhibits CP and AP and upregulation of conversion factor B	[171]
24	Essential oils from Myristica fragrans, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Syzygium aromaticum, Artemisia dracunculus; Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus communis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Zingiber officinale; Rosmarinus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Cymbopogon martini, Melaleuca cajuputil, and Citrus limon; Thymus zygis, Coridothymus capitatus, and Thymbra capitata	(α/β)-Pinene, α-thujene, camphene, δ-3-carene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, camphor, linalool, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol, α-humulene, α-terpineol, and borneol	Inhibits CP	[172]

Sl No: serial number; CP: classical pathway; AP: alternative pathway; CR: complement receptor

Declarations

Author contributions

JN: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft. GG: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Both authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The study was financially supported by the ITC Limited, Kolkata, India. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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