Table Info

Table 1.

Immune tolerance maintenance system [17]

No.	Category	Members	References
1	Main cell lineages	Tolerogenic dendritic cells	[50, 51]
1	Main cell lineages	Peripheral (pTreg) Foxp3+ cells	[2, 45, 52]
2	pTreg subsets on mucosal surfaces (they do not express Foxp3)	Type 1 regulatory T cell (Tr1)	[53]
2		Type 3 helper T cell (Th3)	[53]
3	Other cell lineages	M2a macrophages	[54–56]
		Myeloid-derived suppressor cells	[57]
		Regulatory B cells	[58, 59]
4	Own body-derived molecules	Immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β, IL-35)	[45, 60, 61]
		Coinhibitory molecules	[62, 63]
		Blocking antibodies	[64]
		Protolerogenic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides	[4, 65–68]
5	Other	Tolerogenic microbiota	[38, 41]

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors dedicate this article to thank Professor Alexander Gudkov, a prominent Russian urologist. Professor Gudkov did much to attract doctors of different medical communities to the immune system of men, particularly to the dependence of the favorable course of the postoperative period on a healthy immune system, and the need to be attentive to secondary immune-compromised and allergic conditions in the male reproductive system. In addition, he provided important insights into the analysis of this study.

Author contributions

VK: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AK: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization.

Conflicts of interest

Both authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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