Blood components and immune responses considering the time factor (pre- vs. post-intervention) and the puberty stage
Blood variables
A16: Puberty 5-Tanner Scale
U16: Puberty < 4.5-Tanner Scale
Pre-training
Post-training
Pre-training
Post-training
WBC (× 103/μL)
7.1 ± 1.4
6.7 ± 1.6
6.4 ± 1.5
6.6 ± 1.2
ESR (mm/h)
3.6 ± 3.0
3.3 ± 2.4
3.1 ± 1.8
3.7 ± 3.2
Platelets (× 103/μL)
212 ± 50
205 ± 37
195 ± 54
208 ± 50
Neutrophils (%)
47 ± 5
55 ± 7*
44 ± 8
51 ± 8*
Neutrophils (× 103/μL)
3.3 ± 0.7
3.9 ± 1*
2.8 ± 0.9
3.2 ± 0.8*
Lymphocytes (%)
41 ± 5
32 ± 7*
42 ± 8
35 ± 8*
Lymphocytes (× 103/μL)
2.9 ± 0.6
2.3 ± 0.6
2.7 ± 0.8
2.3 ± 0.8
Monocytes (%)
8.7 ± 1.8
9.2 ± 2
9.4 ± 2
9.2 ± 2
Monocytes (× 103/μL)
0.61 ± 0.17
0.64 ± 0.18
0.59 ± 0.16
0.57 ± 0.14
Eosinophils (%)
2.6 ± 1.4
2.9 ± 2.3
3.9 ± 2.4
3.8 ± 2.6
Eosinophils (× 103/μL)
0.19 ± 0.12
0.19 ± 0.16
0.25 ± 0.17
0.26 ± 0.19
Basophils (%)
0.5 ± 0.3
0.6 ± 0.3
0.4 ± 0.2
0.4 ± 0.2
Basophils (× 103/μL)
0.033 ± 0.02
0.044 ± 0.02
0.027 ± 0.01
0.026 ± 0.02
PLR
76.8 ± 24
100 ± 50*
78.3 ± 30
103 ± 39*
NLR
1.2 ± 0.3
1.8 ± 0.7*
1.1 ± 0.4
1.6 ± 0.9*
MLR
0.2 ± 0.05
0.3 ± 0.01*
0.2 ± 0.08
0.3 ± 0.01
SIRI
10.3 ± 3.2
17 ± 7.7*
10.5 ± 4.8
15.5 ± 10*
Serum cortisol (nmol/L)
421 ± 110
343 ± 108*
446 ± 137
371 ± 141*
WBC: white blood cell; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PLR: platelets to lymphocytes ratio; NLR: neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio; MLR: monocytes to lymphocytes ratio; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index. * Statistical difference over-time, between pre- and post-training (P < 0.05)
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the coaching teams’ members for their excellent collaboration and support throughout the study period. The excellent cooperation of the participants and their parents is strongly appreciated.
Author contributions
MH: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. EC and NZ: Data curation, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The study conforms with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki, 1964) and it was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee (REC-010712).
Consent to participate
Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained prior to any assessment from all participants and their parents.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
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