Table Info

Table 1.

Characteristic participants

Participants	N	%	Mean	Range
Age
Adults (≤ 60 yrs)	32	72.73	42.44 ± 10.63	26–59 yrs
Elderly (> 60 yrs)	12	27.27	65.58 ± 6.40	61–85 yrs
Gender
Male	24	54.55
Female	20	45.45
BMI (kg/m²)
Non-obese	31	70.45	22.04 ± 2.27	17.04–24.98
Obese	13	29.55	28.20 ± 2.22	26.22–34.63
Comorbid diseases
Comorbid (–)	26	59.09
Comorbid (+)	18	40.91
Ratio CD4/CD8^*
Ratio ≥ 1.0	31	70.45	1.48 ± 0.32	1.00–2.58
Ratio < 1.0	13	29.55	0.79 ± 0.14	0.52–0.97
Vitamin D concentration
Sufficient (30–100 ng/mL)	3	6.82	34.97 ± 4.48	30.90–41.20
Insufficient (10–29 ng/mL)	26	59.09	16.05 ± 4.09	10.40–25.20
Deficiency (< 10 ng/mL)	15	34.09	7.63 ± 1.74	3.40–9.60

^* The CD4/CD8 ratio in healthy individuals between 1.0 and 4.0 is generally considered normal

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We thank Prodia Clinical Laboratory for examining the blood samples.

Author contributions

HR: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing—original draft. FT, GP, and AAP: Writing—review & editing. SF: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Immanuel Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia (ethics approval number: 36/A01/EC/IX/2021).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Funding

This study was supported by the Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung, Indonesia, under the B scheme. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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