Table Info

Table 1.

Examples of AIDs with research evaluating potential application of CAR technology as a therapeutic option

Disease	CAR target antigens	Research phase/Clinical phase	Examples of products (Name of drugs)	References
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	CD19, BCMA	Clinical phase	Descartes-08; SC291; SCRI-CAR19v3; YTB323; CABA-201; CC-97540; KYV-101; MB-CART19.1; BRL-301; ATHENA CAR-T; RJMty19; CD19 Universal CAR-γδ T; Relma-cel; RD06-04 Cells; CNCT19 cell; ATA3219; ADI-001; PRG-1801; FKC288; IMPT-514; LMY-920; PRG-2311; GC012F injection; UTAA09; C-CAR168	[53–67]
Anti-synthetase syndrome (ASS)	CD19	Case reports	CABA-201	[31, 40, 68–71]
Multiple sclerosis (MS)	CD19, CD20	Preclinical phase; clinical phase	KYV-101; CC-97540; CT103A; C-CAR168	[71–74]
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	CD19, CD20	Preclinical phase	KYV101; BRL-301	[55, 71, 75]
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) and scleroderma	CD19^#, CD20, BCMA	Case reports; preclinical/clinical phase	CC-97540; MB-CART19.1; BRL-301; KYV-101; CABA-201; Relma-cel; RD06-04 Cells; UTAA09	[41, 55, 61–63, 71, 75]
ANCA-associated vasculitis	CD19	Case reports	SC291; BRL-301; RD06-04 Cells; PRG-1801	[54, 61, 76]
Myositis (dermatomyositis)	CD19^#	Clinical phase	MB-CART19.1; CABA-201; KYV-101	[40, 41, 71, 75]
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy	CD19	Clinical phase	CABA-201; CC-97540; MB-CART19.1; BRL-301; RD06-04 Cells; C-CAR168	[41, 61–63, 77]
Myasthenia gravis (MG)	BCMA, CD19, Musk-CAAR	Clinical phase	Descartes-08; CABA-201; CT103A; C-CAR168; MuSK-CAART	[60, 71, 73, 78–80]
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)	BCMA, CD19, CD20	Clinical phase	CT103A; C-CAR168; anti-CD19/CD20 CAR-T	[44, 59, 73]
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHAI)	CD19	Clinical phase	CNCT19 CAR-T; ThisCART19A	[75, 81]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM-T1)	CAR-Treg	Preclinical phase	GNTI-122	[71, 82, 83]
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease)	CAR-Treg	Preclinical phase	IL23R-Specific CAR Tregs; FliC-CAR Tregs	[84–86]
Sjögren’s syndrome	BCMA, CD19	Preclinical phase; clinical phase	BRL-301; RD06-04 Cells; UTAA09	[55, 61, 71, 75]
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV)	DSG3-CAAR*, DSG3-CAAR	Clinical phase	DSG3-CAART; CABA-201	[71, 87–89]
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis	NMDAR-CAAR*, NMDAR-CAAR	Preclinical phase	NMDAR-CAAR	[89–91]

^* CAAR-T, depletion of antigen-specific B lymphocytes. ^# Including tests with T lymphocytes from an allogeneic (not autologous) source [41]. AIDs: autoimmune diseases; BCMA: B-cell maturation antigen; CAAR: chimeric autoantibody receptor; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; Treg: regulatory T cell

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The manuscript was originally written in Spanish, the mother language of the authors, and translated to English using online tools such as ChatGTP (by OpenAI) and Gemini (by Google/Alphabet). The final text underwent proof by an English language expert, therefore, after using the online tools, authors reviewed and edited the content and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

MFS and DL: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. YD and RCJ: Data curation, Validation, Writing—review & editing. CAFO: Data curation, Validation, Writing—review & editing. GDK: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. All authors reviewed, discussed, and agreed to their individual contributions before submission. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

GDK was supported by Sao Paulo State Research Foundation, FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - Brasil) during development of this work. MFS was supported by Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID), Estudios de postgrado financiados por ANID, ANID-Subdirección de Capital Humano/Doctorado Nacional [2024-n.21241121]. ANID also support this work with project No. [86220018]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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