Table Info

Table 1.

Referred COVID-19 vaccine candidates

Candidate/Animal model/Reference	Format	Organization	Immunization route/Dose/Schedule/SARS-CoV-2 challenge	S or RBD titer/nAb titer/T-cell profile	Protection in upper/lower respiratory tract	ADE effect
BBIBP-CorV/Macaca fascicularis/ [23]	Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 strain 19nCoV-CDC-Tan-HB02	Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China.	IM/8 μg/(D0/ D14)/1 × 10⁶/mL TCID₅₀ (D24; IT)	NA/log₂ ~1:256 (D21)/NA	CP/CP	None
BBV152/M. mulatta/ [24]	Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 strain NIV-2020-770	ICMR-Bharat Biotech, India.	IM/3 μg/(D0/D14)/1 × 10^6.5/mL TCID₅₀ (D35; IT + IN)	~1:1,600 (D35)/1:209–1:5,217 (D35)/T_h1	CP/CP	None
PiCoVacc/M. mulatta/ [25]	Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 strain CN2	Sinovac Biotech, China.	IM/6 μg/(D0/D7/D14)/1 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀ (D22; IT)	~1:12,800 (D21)/~1:50 (D21)/T_h1:T_h2	CP/> 95%	None
NVX-CoV2373/BALB/c mice transduced with 2.5 × 10⁸ PFUs Ad/CMVhACE2 (D52; IN)/[26]	Subunit	Novavax, USA.	IM/1 μg/(D0/D14)/1 × 10⁵ PFUs (D56; IN)	log₁₀ ~5 (D28)/CPE₁₀₀ log₁₀ ~4 (D28)/T_h1	NA/CP	None
RBD Vaccine/M. mulatta/[27]	Subunit	Sichuan University, China.	IM/40 μg/(D0/D7)/5 × 10⁵ PFUs (D28; IN)	1:400–1:6,400 (D14)/EC₅₀ 1:200 10² (D14)/ T_h1:T_h2	CP/CP	None
S-Trimer/M. mulatta/[28]	Subunit	Clover Biopharmaceuticals, China.	IM/30 μg/(D0/D21)/2.6 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀ (D35; IN + IT)	EC₅₀ ~1:10,849 (D40)/ EC₅₀ ~1:35,040 (D40)/T_h1:T_h2	NC/CP	None
S-Fer/BALB/c mice/[29]	Subunit/Nanoparticle	Stanford University, USA.	SC/10 μg/(D0/D21)	EC₅₀ ~1:80,000 (D21)/ EC₅₀ ~1:30,000 (D21)/T_h2	NA/NA	None
RBD-I53-50/BALB/c & Darwin mice (Kymab)/[30]	Subunit/Nanoparticle	University of Washington, Seattle, USA.	IM/5 μg/(D0/D21)/1 × 10⁵ PFUs (W9; IN)	EC₅₀ ~4–8 × 10⁶ (W3)/EC₅₀ 1:300–1:6,000 (W3)/NA	CP/CP	NA
S-I53-50NP/M. fascicularis/[31]	Subunit/Nanoparticle	University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.	IM/50 μg/(W0/W4/W10) 1 × 10⁶ PFUs (W12; IN + IT)	~1:2,190 (W12)/~1:3,942 (W12)/NA	SP/SP	None
RBD-Ferritin/BALB/c & human ACE2 TG mice/[32]	Subunit/Nanoparticle	Sun Yat-sen University, China.	SC/10 μg/(D0/D21)/4 × 10⁴ PFUs (D35; IN)	log₁₀ ~5 (D35)/log₁₀ ~4 (D35)/T_h1	NA/CP	None
ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S/M. mulatta/[33]	Vector [Simian (Chimpanzee) Adenovirus (ChAd)]	University of Washington, St Louis, USA.	IM/2.5 × 10¹⁰ particles/D0/1 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀ (D28; IN + IB)	log₂ ~2-fold (D21); log₂ ~1.5-fold (D21)/T_h1	CP/SP	None
MVA/S/M. mulatta/[35]	Vector [Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus (MVA)]	Emory University, USA.	IM/1 × 10⁸ PFUs/ (W0/W4)/5 × 10⁴ PFUs (W8; IN + IT)	~1:24,000 (W8)/~1:177 (W6)/T_h1	NC/SP	None
ChAdOX1nCoV19/M. mulatta/[37]	Vector [Simian (Chimpanzee) Adenovirus (ChAd)]	The University of Oxford, Vaccitech, & AstraZeneca, UK.	IM/2.5 × 10¹⁰ particles/(D0/D28) 2.6 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀ (D28; IN + IT + Or + Oc)	1:400–1:19,200 (D28)/1:10–1:160 (D56)/T_h1:T_h2	NC/CP	None
Ad26-S.PP/M. mulatta/[38]	Vector [Adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26)]	Harvard Medical School, USA & Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, the Netherlands.	IM/1 × 10¹¹ particles/W0/1 × 10⁵ TCID₅₀ (W6; IN + IT)	~1:5,000 (W4)/~1:113 (W4)/T_h1	CP/CP	NA
BNT162b/M. mulatta/[39]	Nucleic acid (mRNA)	BioNTech, Germany & Pfizer, USA.	IM/100 μg/(D0/D21)/ 1.05 × 10⁶ PFUs (D41-45; IN + IT)	~26,170 (U)·mL⁻¹ (D28)/~1:283 (D56)/T_h1	CP/CP	None
LION/repRNA-CoV2S/M. nemestrina/[41]	Nucleic acid (Alphavirus replicon-based RNA)	University of Washington, Seattle, USA.	IM/50 μg/(D0/D28)	~27.5 μg·mL⁻¹ (D42)/~1:176 (D42)/T_h1	NA	None
mRNA1273/M. mulatta/[43]	Nucleic acid (mRNA)	Moderna, USA.	IM/100 μg/(W0/W4)/ 1 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀ (W8; IN + IT)	~1:36,815 (W6)/~1:1,862 (W6)/T_h1	CP/CP	None
mRNA-RBD/BALB/c & human ACE2 TG mice/ [45]	Nucleic acid (mRNA)	Institute of Microbiology, CAS, China.	IM/15 μg/(W0)/ 1 × 10⁵ FFUs (W6; IN)	~1:100,000 (W4)/~1:920 (W4)/T_h1	CP/CP	None
S.dTM.PP/M. mulatta/[42]	Nucleic acid (DNA)	Harvard Medical School, USA & Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, the Netherlands.	IM/5 mg/(W0/W3)/1.1 × 10⁴ PFUs (W6; IN + IT)	NA/NA/T_h1	SP/SP	None

ADE: antibody-dependent enhancement; IM: intramuscular; SC: subcutaneous; IT: intratracheal; IN: inhalation; Or: oral; Oc: ocular; IB: intrabronchial; D: day; W: week; TCID₅₀: half-maximum tissue culture inhibitory dose; PFUs: plaque forming units; FFUs: focus-forming units; EC₅₀: half-maximum inhibitory concentration; CPE₁₀₀: 100% cytopathic effect; TG: transgenic; CP: complete protection; SP: significant protection; NC: no correlation; NA: not available; mL⁻¹: per milliliter

Declarations

Author contributions

AK and AS conceptualised the manuscript; DG and QJ organised literature for review; DG, AK, and AS wrote the first draft; BB prepared figures; BB, QJ, SP and GY wrote the parts of manuscript; AK and AS revised the final draft; GY is mentor and senior authors on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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