Table Info

Table 1.

Self-replicating RNA viruses and examples of preclinical studies on infectious diseases

Delivery method	Indication	Outcome	Reference
Recombinant particles
VSV-CHIKV-Env/ZIKV-ME	CHIKV	Protection against CHIKV in mice	[42]
VSV-CHIKV-Env/ZIKV-ME	ZIKV	Protection against CHIKV in mice	[42]
VEE-E2/E3 FCSdel	VEE	Full protection in mice & macaques	[43]
WEE-E2/E3 FCSdel	WEE	Protection in mice, partial protection in macaques	[43]
EEE-E2/E3 FCSdel	EEE	Full protection in mice	[43]
MV-CHIKV C/Env	CHIKV	Viremia protection in macaques	[44]
VSV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in guinea pigs & macaques	[45]
MV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in macaques	[46]
YFV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in guinea pigs	[47]
YFV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Failure to protect marmosets	[48]
VEE-LASV-GPC/LASV-N	LHF	Protection in guinea pigs	[49]
VEE-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in inbred CBA/J mice	[50]
VEE-EBOV-G	EVD	Protection in guinea pigs	[49]
KUN-EBOV-G D637L	EVD	Protection in 75% of primates	[51]
VSV-EBOV-G	EVD	Protection against EBOV-Makuna	[52]
VSV-EBOV-G	EVD	Protection against ZEBOV	[53]
VEE-DENV-E85	DF	Protection against DENV in mice	[54]
MV-DENV-ED3	DF	Partial protection in mice	[55]
MV-ZIKV-E (MV-E2)	ZIKV	Protection against lethal ZIKV in mice	[56]
MV-E2 + MV-NIS	ZIKV	ZIKV clearance from reproductive tract	[56]
MV-HIV-1 Gag gp160	HIV/AIDS	Strong cellular & humoral response	[57]
SFV-HIV Env	HIV/AIDS	Superior response to conDNA, recEnv	[58]
SFV-HIV-Env-Gag-Pol-RT	HIV/AIDS	Superior compared to RNA replicons	[59]
MV AIK-C IFVA-HA	Influenza	Protection in cotton rats	[60]
VSVΔG IFVA-HA/NA	Influenza	Protection in mice	[61]
VSV IFVA-HAfl	Influenza	100% protection after single dose	[62]
VEE IFVA-HA	Influenza	Protection against IFVA in chickens	[63]
SIN-E2S1-M2e	Influenza	100% protection in mice	[64]
CSFV-IFVA-HA + N	Influenza	Superior immunogenicity to replicon RNA	[65]
VEE-SARS-CoV S	SARS	Protection against SARS in mice	[67]
VSVΔG MERS-CoV S	MERS	Neutralizing Ab and T-cell responses	[68]
MV-SARS-CoV-2 S	COVID-19	Th1-biased Ab and T-cell responses	[69]
VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S	COVID-19	Neutralizing Abs, protection in mice	[70]
VSVΔG-SARS-CoV-2 S	COVID-19	Protection in Syrian golden hamsters	[71]
SIN-SARS-CoV-2 S + αOX40	COVID-19	Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice	[72]
BVDV-PEDV S	PEDV	PEDV specific Abs, neutralization of PEDV	[73]
Attenuated virus
YFV (CYD-TDV)	DF	Good safety, no toxicity concerns	[74]
CHIKV-NoLS RNA-LNP	CHIKV	Local protection against CHIKV in mice	[75]
VEE-RABV-G	RABV	Protection against RABV in mice	[76]
RNA replicons
VEE-ZIKV-ME	ZIKV	Protection in mice with 10 ng RNA	[78]
SFV-HIV-Env-Gag-Pol-Rev	HIV/AIDS	Inferior compared to SFV particles	[59]
SFV-HIV Env	HIV/AIDS	Env-specific Abs in 80% of mice	[79]
VEE-HIV-1 gp140	HIV/AIDS	Improved RNA stability in mice	[80]
VEE-HIV-1 gp140	HIV/AIDS	Superior to VEE particles, rec Env	[81]
CSFV-IFVA-HA/N	Influenza	Inferior to CSFV particles	[65]
CSFV-IFVA-HA/N-PEI	Influenza	PEI formulation superior to naked RNA	[65]
SFV-IFVA HA	Influenza	Protection against IFVA in mice	[82]
SFV-IFVA-HA	RSV	Protection against RSV in mice	[82]
SFV-IFVA-HA	TBEV	Protection against TBEV in mice	[82]
VEE-IFVA-HA	Influenza	64x less RNA replicon than mRNA needed	[84]
VEE-SARS-CoV-2-LNPs	COVID-19	Dose-dependent Abs, SARS-CoV-2 neutralization	[12]
VEE (LUNAR-COV19)	COVID-19	Protection in ACE2 transgenic mice	[85]
Plasmid DNA replicons
VEE V4020	VEE	Protection against wildtype VEE in mice	[86]
VEE V4020	VEE	Protection against wildtype VEE in macaques	[87]
SFV-HIV Env/Gag-Pol-Nef	HIV/AIDS	Superior with MVA boost	[88]

ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; αOX40: OX40 immunostimulatory Ab; CHIKV: chikungunya virus; CHIKV-Env: CHIKV E3-E2-6K-E1 Env polyprotein; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CYD-TDV: chimeric YFV-based tetravalent DENV vaccine; DF: dengue fever; EBOV: Ebola virus; ED3: DENV Env protein domain III; EEE: eastern equine encephalitis virus; EVD: EBOV disease; FCSdel: furin cleavage site deletion; GPC: glycoprotein complex; HAfl: full-length HA; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IFVA: influenza virus A; LASV: Lassa fever virus; LHF: Lassa hemorrhagic fever; M2e: M2 protein ectodomain; ME: membrane Env; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; NA: neuraminidase; NIS: sodium iodide symporter; NoLS: nucleolar localization signals; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PEI: polyethylenimine; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2: SARS-coronavirus-2; WEE: western equine encephalitis virus; ZEBOV: Zaire EBOV; ZIKV: Zika virus

Declarations

Author contributions

The author contributed solely to the work.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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