Levels of cytokines in unexplained RSM, PE and pre-term delivery (PTD)
| Location | Increased levels (Ref number) | Decreased levels (Ref number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. RSM | ||||
| PBMC | IL-2 [11, 12] | IL-4 [11–13] | ||
| IFN-γ [11, 12] | IL-5 [11–13] | |||
| TNF-α [10–13] | IL-10 [10–12] | |||
| TNF-β [10] | ||||
| Placenta | Th2 cells [15] | |||
| Endometrium | IL-1β [16] | IL-4 [16] | ||
| TNF-α [16] | IL-10 [16] | |||
| TNF-β [16] | ||||
| B. PE | ||||
| PBMC | IL-1β [27] | IL-4 [31, 35] | ||
| IL-2 [28] | IL-5 [32, 35] | |||
| IFN-γ [29, 35] | IL-10 [33–35] | |||
| TNF-α [30, 33] | ||||
| Placenta | IL-1β [22] | IL-10 [26] | ||
| IL-2 [23] | ||||
| IL-18 [24] | ||||
| IFN-γ [25] | ||||
| TNF-α [26] | ||||
| C. PTD | ||||
| PBMC | IL-2 [40] | IL-10 [43] | ||
| IFN-γ [40] | ||||
| Sera | IL-1β [41, 43] | IL-10 [43] | ||
| TNF-α [41] | ||||
| Placenta | IL-12 [46] | IL-4 [46] | ||
| IFN-γ [26] | IL-10 [46] | |||
PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells
