Non-motor signs in PD and their prevalence
| Non-motor signs | Prevalence in PD patients | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Olfactory dysfunction | 90% of early stage PD cases | [10] |
| Neuropsychiatric manifestations | ||
| Depression | 40–55% | [21] |
| Anxiety | 20–40% | [51] |
| Sleep disorders | ||
| RBD | 23.6% | [41] |
| Insomnia | 55% | [69] |
| EDS | 55% | [75] |
| Psychosis | 20–70% | [89] |
| Apathy | 39.8% | [104] |
| Fatigue | 33–80% | [110] |
| Cognitive impairment | ||
| SCS | 28.1% | [122] |
| MCI | 25–30% | [124] |
| PDD | 90% | [127] |
| Autonomic dysfunctions | ||
| OH | 30–40% | [151] |
| Bladder disturbances | 50% | [160] |
| Sexual dysfunction | 68% in men and 53% in women | [165] |
| Gastrointestinal disturbances | ||
| Sialorrhea | 10–84% | [178] |
| Dysphagia | 11–81% | [182] |
| Gastroparesis | 70–100% | [188] |
| Small intestine bacterial over growth | 54–67% | [190] |
| Constipation | 5–80% | [193] |
| Others | ||
| Weight loss | 11.6% | [196] |
| Pain | 30–50% | [201] |
