Table Info

Table 1.

Stages in PD pathology and α-synuclein aggregate locations

PD stages	α-Synuclein aggregate location	Signs/symptoms
Stage 1	Olfactory bulb, dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, medulla oblongata, ENS, gut	Olfactory dysfunction, constipation, RBD
Stage 2	Lower brainstem, cerebral cortex	Lowered blood pressure, continued stage 1 symptoms
Stage 3	Midbrain, substantia nigra, amygdala	Cognitive impairment, thermoregulation disorder, continued stage 2 and previous symptoms
Stage 4	Amygdala, basal prosencephalon, mesocortex	Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, postural instability, continued stage 3 and previous symptoms
Stage 5	High order sensory association areas of neocortex, prefrontal neocortex	Motion fluctuation, fatigue, visual hallucinations, dementia, continued stage 4 and previous symptoms
Stage 6	First order sensory association areas of neocortex, premotor areas, primary sensory areas, primary motor field	Continued stage 5 and previous symptoms

Declarations

Author contributions

ZL: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JL: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IVS: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. WL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health research grant [R21HD094003] (PI - WL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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