Table Info

Table 1.

Neuroprotective effects of some compounds extracted from seaweeds

Algae	Extracts or compounds	Activity	References
Agarum clathratum subsp. yakishiriense (P)	Ethyl acetate, n-butanol extracts, and crude extract	Neuronal protection from ischemic injury	[27]
Alaria esculenta (P) (Figure 1a)	Methanol and water extract	The formation of amyloid fibrils by α-synuclein is inhibited by the extract fractions	[28]
Amphiroa beauvoisii (R) (Figure 1b)	Aqueous and methanol extracts	Inhibiting AChE IC₅₀ = 0.12 mg/mL	[29]
Amphiroa bowerbankii (R)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[30]
Amphiroa ephedraea (R)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[30]
Asparagopsis armata (R) (Figure 1c)	Methanol extracts	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[31]
Bifurcaria bifurcata (P) (Figure 1d)	Eleganolone, eleganonal (diterpenes)	Antioxidant and neuroprotective potential in PD	[7]
Capsosiphon fulvescens (C)	Glycoproteins	Reduces aging-induced cognitive dysfunction	[32, 33]
Caulerpa racemosa (C) (Figure 1e)	Methanolic extract	AChE inhibition	[30]
C. racemosa (C)	Racemosins A and B	Neuro-protective activity	[34]
Chondracanthus acicularis (R) (Figure 1f)	Carrageenan λ	Antioxidant activity	[35]
Chondrus crispus (R) (Figure 1g)	Methanol extracts	Extract-mediated protection against PD	[36]
Cladophora vagabunda (formerly Cladophora fascicularis) (C)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[3]
Codium capitatum (C)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[30]
C. capitatum (C)	Aqueous and methanolic extracts	AChE inhibition	[29]
Codium duthieae (C)	Aqueous and methanolic extracts	AChE inhibition	[29]
Codium tomentosum (C) (Figure 1h)	Dichloromethane extract	Antioxidant activity	[37]
Cystoseira humilis (P) (Figure 1i)	Methanolic extract	AChE inhibition	[31]
Dictyopteris undulata (P)	Sesquiterpene: zonarol	Antioxidant activity	[38]
Ecklonia bicyclis (P)	Phlorotannins	Suppression of BACE1 activity	[39]
Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera (formerly E. stolonifera) (P)	Fucosterol	Prevents cognitive dysfunction induced by soluble Aβ	[40]
Ecklonia maxima (P) (Figure 1j)	Phlorotannin: eckmaxol	Anti-Aβ oligomer neuroprotective effect	[41, 42]
Ecklonia radiata (P)	Fucofuroeckol-type phlorotannins	Exhibits a wider range of neuroprotective activity against both oxidative stress and Aβ exposure	[18]
Eucheuma denticulatum (R) (Figure 1k)	Iota-carrageenan	Antioxidant activity	[43]
Ericaria selaginoides (formerly Cystoseira tamariscifolia) (P) (Figure 1l)	Methanolic extract	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[31]
Fucus vesiculosus (P) (Figure 2a)	Fucoidan	Prevents the loss of dopaminergic neurons	[44]
F. vesiculosus (P)	Fucoidan	Antioxidant activity	[35]
F. vesiculosus (P)	Fucoidan	Protective effect	[45]
F. vesiculosus (P)	Fucoidan	At a concentration of 10 µmol/L, fucoidan inhibits the clustering of microglial cells induced by Aβ	[46]
F. vesiculosus (P)	Phlorotannins	Suppressing the overproduction of intracellular ROS induced by hydrogen peroxide IC₅₀ = 0.068 mg/mL	[47]
F. vesiculosus (P)	Fucoidan	Neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischemic injury	[48]
Gelidiella acerosa (R)	Extracts obtained include petroleum ether, hexane, benzene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[49]
G. acerosa (R)	Phytol	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[50]
Gelidium amansii (R)	Ethanol extract	Neurogenesis (synaptogenesis promotion)	[51, 52]
Gloiopeltis foliaceum (R)	Aqueous and methanolic extracts	AChE inhibition	[29]
Gloiopeltis furcata (R)	The compounds obtained consist of 2-(3-hydroxy-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl) acetic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, nicotinic acid, (E)-4-hydroxyhex-2-enoic acid, cholesterol, 7-hydroxycholesterol, uridine, glycerol, phlorotannin, and fatty acids	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[53]
Gongolaria nodicaulis (formerly Cystoseira nodicaulis) (P) (Figure 2b)	Methanolic extract	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[31]
Gongolaria usneoides (formerly Cystoseira usneoides) (P) (Figure 2c)	Methanolic extract	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[31]
Gracilaria cornea (R)	Sulphated agaran	Neuroprotective effects in rat model PD	[54]
Gracilaria edulis (R)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[55]
Gracilaria gracilis (R) (Figure 2d)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[55]
Gracilariopsis chorda (R)	Ethanol extracts	Ethanol extract exhibited the highest neuroprotective effects at a concentration of 15 µmol/L. At this concentration, the G. chorda extract significantly enhanced cell viability to 119.0% ± 3.2% and reduced cell death to 80.5% ± 10.3%	[56]
G. chorda (R)	Ethanolic extract	Extract concentration-dependently increased neurite outgrowth	[57]
Halimeda incrassata (C)	Water extracts	Neuroprotective and antioxidant properties	[58]
Halimeda cuneata (C)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[30]
H. cuneata (C)	Aqueous and methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[29]
Hypnea valentine (R)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[59]
H. valentiae (R)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[59]
Ishige okamurae (P)	Phlorotannin (6,6’-bieckol)	AChE inhibition	[60]
I. okamurae (P)	Phlorotannin (DPHC)	The neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal neuronal cells was observed with an IC₅₀ value of 50 µmol/L	[61]
Kappaphycus alvarezii (R) (Figure 2e)	Ethanol extracts	Stimulates the extension of neurites in hippocampal neurons	[62]
Marginariella boryana (P)	Sulfated fucans	Prevents the accumulation of Aβ	[63]
Ochtodes secundiramea (R)	Dichloromethane and methanol extracts: Halogenated monoterpenes	AChE inhibition	[64]
Padina australis (P)	Dichloromethane extract	AChE inhibition	[65]
Padina gymnospora (P) (Figure 2f)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[55]
P. gymnospora (P)	Acetone extracts	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[66]
Padina pavonica (P) (Figure 2g)	Methanol extracts	Antioxidant activity on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y	[37]
Padina tetrastromatica (P)	Fucoxanthin	Demonstrates antioxidant activity by effectively decreasing lipid peroxidation in rats, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.83 μmol/L	[67]
P. tetrastromatica (P)	Chloroform and ethanol extracts	The chloroform extract exhibited notable anticonvulsant activity at a dose of 600 mg/kg	[68]
Papenfussiella lutea (P)	Sesquiterpenes	AChE inhibition	[69]
Porphyra capensis (R)	Porphyran	Prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons	[70]
Porphyra and Pyropia sp. (R)	Phycoerythrobilins	Antioxidant activity	[71]
Pyropia haitanensis (R)	Porphyran	An agent that combats neurotoxicity induced by Aβ peptide in AD	[72]
Pyropia yezoensis (formerly Porphyra yezoensis) (R)	Ethanol extracts	Increased neurite outgrowth at an optimal concentration of 15 µg/mL	[73]
P. yezoensis (as Porphyra yezoensis) (R)	Oligo-porphyran	Agent with anti-neurotoxic properties suitable for preventing and treating a range of neurological disorders	[74]
Rhodomela confervoides (R)	Bromophenol	Antioxidant action	[75]
Rhodomelopsis africana (R)	Aqueous and methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[29]
Saccharina japonica (P)	Fucoidan	Demonstrates a protective effect against neurotoxicity induced by MPTP. Moreover, it diminishes behavioral deficits and cell death while enhancing dopamine levels IC₅₀ = 25 mg/kg, once per day in mice	[76]
S. japonica (P)	Fucoidan	Inhibitory effect of fucoidan on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary microglia. The IC₅₀ value for this inhibition is 125 μg/mL	[77]
S. japonica (P)	Fucoidan	Antioxidative activity	[78]
S. japonica (P)	Ethanolic extract	Promoted neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner with optimal concentrations of 15 μg/mL	[52, 79]
S. japonica (P)	Fucoidan	Reduced 6-OHDA and reduced the loss of dopaminergic in neurons IC₅₀ = 20 mg/kg in rats	[80]
Saccorhiza polyschides (P) (Figure 3a)	Methanol extracts	Displays antioxidant activity against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line	[37]
Sargassum aquifolium (formerly Sargassum crassifolium) (P)	Crude extracts of fucoidan	Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties	[81]
Sargassum fulvellum (P)	Pheophytin A	Stimulates neurite outgrowth, increasing it from 20% to 100% in the presence of 10 ng/mL of NGF. Additionally, it exhibits an activating effect with an IC₅₀ value of 3.9 μg/mL in PC12 cells	[82]
S. fulvellum (P)	Ethanol extracts	Induced dose-dependent promotion of neurite outgrowth, with optimal concentrations observed at 5 μg/mL	[83]
Sargassum fusiforme (formerly Hijikia fusiformis) (P)	Fucoxanthins	Exhibits antioxidative activity by effectively scavenging DPPH radicals	[84]
S. fusiforme (P)	Fucoidan	Shows potential in ameliorating learning and memory deficiencies and serves as a potential ingredient for the treatment of AD	[85]
Sargassum horneri (P)	Total sterols and β-sitosterol	Antidepressant effect	[86]
S. horneri (P)	Fucoxanthins	Attenuates Aβ oligomer-induced neuronal apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells	[87]
S. horneri (P)	Fucoxanthins	Fucoxanthin reduces H₂O₂-induced neuronal apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells	[88]
Sargassum macrocarpum (P)	Carotenoids	Enhance PC12 cell neurite outgrowth activity to 0.4 with an IC₅₀ of 6.25 μg/mL	[89]
S. macrocarpum (P)	Sargaquinoic acid	TrkA-MAPK pathway mediates the signaling process with an IC₅₀ of 3 μg/mL	[90]
S. macrocarpum (P)	Sargachromenol	Activate cAMP and MAPK pathways to enhance the survival of PC12 cells and promote neurite outgrowth, with an IC₅₀ of 9 μmol/L	[91]
Sargassum micracanthum (P)	Plastoquinones	Exhibit anti-oxidative activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, with an IC₅₀ range of 0.95–44.3 μg/mL	[92]
Sargassum muticum (P) (Figure 3b)	Methanolic extract	Demonstrate antioxidant activity against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y	[93]
Sargassum polycystum (P)	Hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extract	AChE inhibition	[65]
Sargassum sagamianum (P)	Sesquiterpenes	AChE inhibition	[69]
S. sagamianum (P)	Sargaquinoic acid and sargachromenol	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[94]
Sargassum siliquastrum (P)	Fucoxanthin	Exhibit anti-oxidative activity by inhibiting hydrogen peroxide in vero cells, with an IC₅₀ of 100 μmol/L	[95]
S. siliquastrum (P)	Meroditerpenoids	These compounds demonstrated moderate to significant radical-scavenging activity while also displaying weak inhibitory effects on sortase A and isocitrate lyase	[96]
Sargassum sp. (P)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[55]
Sargassum swartzii (formerly Sargassum wightii) (P)	Alginic acid	The polysaccharides exhibited inhibitory activities against COX-2, 5-LOX, XO, and MPO in type II collagen-induced arthritic rats, with an IC₅₀ of 100 mg/kg	[97]
S. swartzii (formerly S. wightii) (P)	Petroleum ether, hexane, benzene, and dichloromethane extracts	AChE and BuChE inhibition	[98]
Sargassum vulgare (P)	Methanolic extract	AChE inhibition	[31]
Scytothamnus australis (P)	Sulfated fucans	Prevents the accumulation of Aβ	[63]
Splachnidium rugosum (P)	Sulfated fucans	Inhibits the Aβ accumulation	[63]
Turbinaria decurrens (P)	Fucoidan	Shows potential for a neuroprotective effect in PD	[99]
Ulva australis (formerly Ulva pertusa) (C)	Sulfated polysaccharide (ulvan)	Scavenging activity for superoxide radicals	[100, 101]
Ulva compressa (C)	Dichloromethane extract	Exhibits antioxidant activity against neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y	[93]
Ulva fasciata (C)	Methanolic extract	AChE inhibition	[30]
U. fasciata (C)	50% aqueous methanol extract	AChE inhibition	[29]
Ulva prolifera (formerly Enteromorpha prolifera) (C)	Pheophorbide A	Displays antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ of 71.9 µmol/L	[102]
Ulva reticulata (C)	Methanol extracts	AChE inhibition	[59]
Undaria pinnatifida (P)	Ethanol extracts	Neurite outgrowth was enhanced in a manner that correlated with the dosage, reaching optimal levels at concentrations of 5 μg/mL	[79, 103]
U. pinnatifida (P)	Ethanol extracts	The activities displayed encompass neurogenesis, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and anti-Alzheimer’s properties	[104]
U. pinnatifida (P)	Glycoprotein	The observed effects included neurogenesis, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-Alzheimer’s potential. Notably, significant inhibitory activities against AChE, BChE, and BACE1 were demonstrated, with IC₅₀ values of 63.56 μg/mL, 99.03 μg/mL, and 73.35 μg/mL, respectively	[105]
U. pinnatifida (P)	Sulfated fucans	It inhibits the buildup of Aβ	[63]
Zonaria spiralis (P)	Spiralisone A and chromone 6	It displayed inhibitory effects on CDK5/p25, CK1δ, and GSK3β kinases, with IC₅₀ values of 10.0 μmol/L, < 10 μmol/L, and < 10 μmol/L, respectively	[106]

C: Chlorophyta (green macroalgae); P: Phaeophyceae (brown macroalgae); R: Rhodophyta (red macroalgae); IC₅₀: half maximal inhibitory concentration; BuChE: butyrylcholinesterase; DPHC: diphlorethohydroxycarmalol; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NGF: nerve growth factor; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; TrkA: tropomyosin receptor kinase A; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; 5-LOX: 5-lipoxygenase; XO: xanthine oxidase; MPO: myeloperoxidase; CDK5: cyclin-dependent kinase 5; CK1δ: casein kinase 1; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β

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Author contributions

LP and AV: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Availability of data and materials

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Copyright

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