Standard classifications of nerve injury mechanisms [15]
Sunderland
Seddon
Features
1st degree
Neurapraxia
Segmental demyelination (damage is limited to myelin sheath alone)
2nd degree
Axonotmesis
Despite the axon being severed, the endoneurium is protected
3rd degree
Axonotmesis
There is axon and endoneurium discontinuity, but there is no impact on perineurium
4th degree
Axonotmesis
Discontinuity of axons, the endoneurium, and perineurium
5th degree
Neurotmesis
Absence of continuity throughout the nerve, encompassing the epineurium
Note. Adapted from “Peripheral nerve injury: A review article” by Seddighi A, Nikouei A, Seddighi AS, Zali AR, Tabatabaei SM, Sheykhi AR, et al. Int Clin Neurosci J. 2016;3:1–6 (https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/Neuroscience/article/view/12016). CC BY.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
We thank Prof. Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak for her insightful suggestions and technical help during this study.
Author contributions
AM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. BD and MEÖ: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. SK: Supervision, Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors granted their final clearance for this version of the work to be published after revising it critically for its intellectual content and gave their final approval for this version of the paper to be published.
Conflicts of interest
Süleyman Kaplan, who is the Guest Editor of Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript.
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