Table Info

Table 1.

Three major types of EVs and their characterization

EVs classification	Size	Biogenesis	Markers	Physical methods
Microvesicles	100–1,000 nm	Plasma membrane budding	Integrins, selectins, and CD40	SEM, TEM, AFM, NTA, TRPS, flow cytometry
Exosomes	30–100 nm	Endosomal MVBs	ESCRT proteins, ALIX, TSG101, HSP90, tetraspanins (CD81, CD63, CD9), Rab proteins, flotillin	SEM, TEM, Cryo-EM, AFM, DLS, NTA, TRPS, SEA, flow cytometry
Apoptotic bodies	500–5,000 nm	Membrane-surrounded cell fragments	Annexin V, thrombospondin, C3b	SEM, TEM, flow cytometry

SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; AFM: atomic force microscopy; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; TRPS: tunable resistive pulse sensing; Cryo-EM: cyro-electron microscopy; DLS: dynamic light scattering; SEA: single EV analysis; C3b: activated fragment of complement component C3: ALIX: apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X; TSG101: tumor susceptibility gene 101; HSP90: heat shock protein 90

Declarations

Author contributions

ZW contributed to the abstract, sections 1, 2, 5.2, conclusions and Figure 1. MX contributed to the Tables 1, 2 and 3, sections 2 and 3. SSS contributed to sections 1 and 2. MCTA contributed to sections 2, 4, and 5.1. MMA contributed to section 4. JAO contributed to section 4.1 and Table 3. JW contributed to section 3.2 and Table 2. MA, SS, LPB, FGvV, HB, and HM contributed to overall lay-out and content of the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests of personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this research paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This project is financially supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) grant 202008320321 (MX), grant 202006250036 (JW) and grant 201806170085 (ZW), Conacyt grant 795389 (MMA), Colciencias International Scholarship Program grant 783-2017 (JAO), the Abel Tasman Talent Program of the University Medical Center Groningen (MCTA), Dutch Digestive Foundation grant WO 21-03 (SSS; HB; HM). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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