Table Info

Table 2.

Top 10 toxic components of TCMs causing DILI

Herbal medicine	Cases	Hepatotoxic components
Polygonum multiflorum	23	Anthraquinones (emodin, aloe emodin, rhein), gallic acid [16]
Pinellia ternata	12	Pinellia ternata aqueous extract [17], alkaloids (ephedrine), lectin protein [18]
Psoralea corylifolia	11	Psoralen and isopsoralen [19]
Chinese rhubarb	11	Tannin and its components are emodin, aloe emodin, rhein, and emodin methyl ether [20]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	11	Terpenoids [21]
Bupleurum	8	Bupleurum water extract, Bupleurum alcohol extract, Bupleurum saponin, and volatile oil components [22]
Mentha spicata	7	Peppermint volatile oil and its aqueous extract [23]
Panax notoginseng	8	Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio base, phenanthroline [24])
Alisma orientalis	6	Terpenoids and alkaloids [25]
Pueraria lobata	6	Santai saponins, alkaloids, and isoflavones [26, 27]

Declarations

Author contributions

QW: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, and Writing—original draft. LL: Methodology and Writing—review & editing. XZ and JY: Data curation, Writing—original draft, and Writing—review & editing. JG: Methodology, Writing—original draft and Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the ethical committee of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China. The study protocol conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

All the citations and data included in this manuscript are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Fund of Nature Science of P.R. China [91129705, 81070340] and Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program [09PJ1402600]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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