Table Info

Table 3.

Possible applications of bile sampling and analysis

Bile applications	Reference(s)
Bile culture and targeted antibiotic testing	[16, 45]
Differential diagnosis of patients with jaundice	[65]
Early biliopancreatic cancer diagnosis	[9]
Diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures	[10, 20]
Clinical conditions of patients with choledocholithiasis or bile microlithiasis	[66]
Pharmacokinetic analyses and biliary excretion studies	[67, 68]
Progression/severity of hepatobiliary diseases	[28]
Early detection of post-liver resection and transplantation failure	[69]
Regenerative medicine	[70]

Declarations

Author contributions

MA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. MR, DO, MAÁ, and JU: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. CB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by European Union Horizon 2020 Transcan project [2022-784-024] to MA, MAÁ, and CB; Thermo Fisher 2022 Oncomine Clinical Research Grant to MAÁ and CB; AECT Eurorregión Nueva Aquitania Euskadi Navarra “Innovación Eurorregional” [2020/101] and [2023/2] to MAÁ and CB; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grants [PID2019-104265RB-I00] and [PID2022-137181OB-I00] to CB; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), [PI22/00471] which co-funded by the European Union to MA; the Scientific Foundation of the Spanish Association Against Cancer [INVES223049AREC] to MA; Departamento de Salud Gobierno de Navarra [42/2021] to JU. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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