Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, Kamath PS. Burden of liver diseases in the world.J Hepatol. 2019;70:151–71. [DOI] [PubMed]
Roehlen N, Crouchet E, Baumert TF. Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives.Cells. 2020;9:875. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fallowfield J, Hayes P. Pathogenesis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis: is cirrhosis reversible?Clin Med (Lond). 2011;11:179–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang C, Liu S, Yang M. Treatment of liver fibrosis: Past, current, and future.World J Hepatol. 2023;15:755–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tsuchida T, Friedman SL. Mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14:397–411. [DOI] [PubMed]
Koyama Y, Brenner DA. Liver inflammation and fibrosis.J Clin Invest. 2017;127:55–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Campo JAD, Gallego P, Grande L. Role of inflammatory response in liver diseases: Therapeutic strategies.World J Hepatol. 2018;10:1–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Seki E, Schwabe RF. Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis: functional links and key pathways.Hepatology. 2015;61:1066–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Cellular and molecular functions of hepatic stellate cells in inflammatory responses and liver immunology.Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2014;3:344–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mehal W. Mechanisms of liver fibrosis in metabolic syndrome.eGastroenterology. 2023;1:e100015. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Carter JK, Friedman SL. Hepatic Stellate Cell-Immune Interactions in NASH.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:867940. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rockey DC. Current and future anti-fibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease.Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12:939–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Matsuda M, Seki E. Hepatic Stellate Cell–Macrophage Crosstalk in Liver Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis.Semin Liver Dis. 2020;40:307–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dewidar B, Meyer C, Dooley S, Meindl-Beinker AN. TGF-β in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis—Updated 2019.Cells. 2019;8:1419. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zisser A, Ipsen DH, Tveden-Nyborg P. Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Inactivation in NASH-Fibrosis—Roles as Putative Treatment Targets?Biomedicines. 2021;9:365. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xu Z, Li T, Li M, Yang L, Xiao R, Liu L, et al. eRF3b-37 inhibits the TGF-β1-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating cell proliferation, G0/G1 arrest, apoptosis and migration.Int J Mol Med. 2018;42:3602–12. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dooley S, Dijke Pt. TGF-β in progression of liver disease.Cell Tissue Res. 2012;347:245–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Manmadhan S, Ehmer U. Hippo Signaling in the Liver - A Long and Ever-Expanding Story.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee NY, Choi MG, Lee EJ, Koo JH. Interplay between YAP/TAZ and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression.Arch Pharm Res. 2024;47:558–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
El-Ashmawy NE, Al-Ashmawy GM, Fakher HE, Khedr NF. The role of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and glutamine metabolism in the pathogenesis of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis: Repositioning of niclosamide and concerns about lithium.Cytokine. 2020;136:155250. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rao S, Xiang J, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhang M, Sun H, et al. PRC1 promotes GLI1-dependent osteopontin expression in association with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and aggravates liver fibrosis.Cell Biosci. 2019;9:100. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gao Y, Fan S, Zhao P, Li H, Cai C, Li X, et al. β-catenin/TCF4 inhibitors ICG-001 and LF3 alleviate BDL-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing LECT2 signaling.Chem Biol Interact. 2023;371:110350. [DOI] [PubMed]
Luedde T, Schwabe RF. NF-κB in the liver—linking injury, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8:108–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chang CF, Lu SJ, Wang CH, Jeng KS. MAPK regulates the immune responses in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.J Immunol. 2021;206:64.03. [DOI]
He Y, Sun MM, Zhang GG, Yang J, Chen KS, Xu WW, et al. Targeting PI3K/Akt signal transduction for cancer therapy.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:425. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Holt AP, Haughton EL, Lalor PF, Filer A, Buckley CD, Adams DH. Liver myofibroblasts regulate infiltration and positioning of lymphocytes in human liver.Gastroenterology. 2009;136:705–14. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wasmuth HE, Lammert F, Zaldivar MM, Weiskirchen R, Hellerbrand C, Scholten D, et al. Antifibrotic effects of CXCL9 and its receptor CXCR3 in livers of mice and humans.Gastroenterology. 2009;137:309–19.e3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zaldivar MM, Pauels K, Hundelshausen Pv, Berres M, Schmitz P, Bornemann J, et al. CXC chemokine ligand 4 (Cxcl4) is a platelet-derived mediator of experimental liver fibrosis.Hepatology. 2010;51:1345–53. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang L, Seki E. Toll-like receptors in liver fibrosis: cellular crosstalk and mechanisms.Front Physiol. 2012;3:138. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li D, Wu M. Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:291. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hartmann P, Haimerl M, Mazagova M, Brenner DA, Schnabl B. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated intestinal injury and enteric tumor necrosis factor receptor I contribute to liver fibrosis in mice.Gastroenterology. 2012;143:1330–40.e1. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wu K, Qian Q, Zhou J, Sun D, Duan Y, Zhu X, et al. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in liver fibrosis.Cell Death Discov. 2023;9:53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lowe KO, Tanase CE, Maghami S, Fisher LE, Ghaemmaghami AM. Inflammatory Network of Liver Fibrosis and How It Can Be Targeted Therapeutically.Immuno. 2023;3:375–408. [DOI]
Sun R, Xiang Z, Wu B. T cells and liver fibrosis.Portal Hypertens Cirrhosis. 2022;1:125–32. [DOI]
Liang S, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. The Role of NADPH Oxidases (NOXs) in Liver Fibrosis and the Activation of Myofibroblasts.Front Physiol. 2016;7:17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bataller R, Sancho-Bru P, Ginès P, Lora JM, Al-Garawi A, Solé M, et al. Activated human hepatic stellate cells express the renin-angiotensin system and synthesize angiotensin II.Gastroenterology. 2003;125:117–25. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sancho P, Mainez J, Crosas-Molist E, Roncero C, Fernández-Rodriguez CM, Pinedo F, et al. NADPH oxidase NOX4 mediates stellate cell activation and hepatocyte cell death during liver fibrosis development.PLoS One. 2012;7:e45285. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bettaieb A, Jiang JX, Sasaki Y, Chao T, Kiss Z, Chen X, et al. Hepatocyte Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Reduced Oxidase 4 Regulates Stress Signaling, Fibrosis, and Insulin Sensitivity During Development of Steatohepatitis in Mice.Gastroenterology. 2015;149:468–80.e10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jiang JX, Chen X, Serizawa N, Szyndralewiez C, Page P, Schröder K, et al. Liver fibrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis are attenuated by GKT137831, a novel NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor in vivo.Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;53:289–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA. Nuclear factor‐κB and the hepatic inflammation‐fibrosis‐cancer axis.Hepatology. 2007;46:590–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis.J Hepatol. 2001;35:297–306. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zamara E, Novo E, Marra F, Gentilini A, Romanelli RG, Caligiuri A, et al. 4-Hydroxynonenal as a selective pro-fibrogenic stimulus for activated human hepatic stellate cells.J Hepatol. 2004;40:60–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, Manou D, Passi A, Skandalis SS, et al. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix.FEBS J. 2021;288:6850–912. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhao X, Chen J, Sun H, Zhang Y, Zou D. New insights into fibrosis from the ECM degradation perspective: the macrophage-MMP-ECM interaction.Cell Biosci. 2022;12:117. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Geervliet E, Bansal R. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases.Cells. 2020;9:1212. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shan L, Wang F, Zhai D, Meng X, Liu J, Lv X. Matrix metalloproteinases induce extracellular matrix degradation through various pathways to alleviate hepatic fibrosis.Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;161:114472. [DOI] [PubMed]
Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Schriemer R, Robertson GR. Leptin is essential for the hepatic fibrogenic response to chronic liver injury.J Hepatol. 2002;37:206–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhou Y, Jia X, Wang G, Wang X, Liu J. PI-3 K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways mediate leptin-induced inhibition of PPARgamma gene expression in primary rat hepatic stellate cells.Mol Cell Biochem. 2009;325:131–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bates J, Vijayakumar A, Ghoshal S, Marchand B, Yi S, Kornyeyev D, et al. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition disrupts metabolic reprogramming during hepatic stellate cell activation.J Hepatol. 2020;73:896–905. [DOI] [PubMed]
Scorza M, Elce A, Zarrilli F, Liguori R, Amato F, Castaldo G. Genetic diseases that predispose to early liver cirrhosis.Int J Hepatol. 2014;2014:713754. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dong XC. PNPLA3—A Potential Therapeutic Target for Personalized Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease.Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:304. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Anstee QM, Darlay R, Cockell S, Meroni M, Govaere O, Tiniakos D, et al.; EPoS Consortium Investigators. Genome-wide association study of non-alcoholic fatty liver and steatohepatitis in a histologically characterised cohort☆.J Hepatol. 2020;73:505–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Roderburg C, Urban G, Bettermann K, Vucur M, Zimmermann H, Schmidt S, et al. Micro-RNA profiling reveals a role for miR-29 in human and murine liver fibrosis.Hepatology. 2011;53:209–18. [DOI] [PubMed]
Guo J, Friedman SL. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in liver injury and hepatic fibrogenesis.Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair. 2010;3:21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li X, Chen Y, Wu S, He J, Lou L, Ye W, et al. microRNA-34a and microRNA-34c promote the activation of human hepatic stellate cells by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.Mol Med Rep. 2015;11:1017–24. [DOI] [PubMed]
Roy S, Benz F, Luedde T, Roderburg C. The role of miRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory processes during hepatofibrogenesis.Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2015;4:24–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lo RC, Kim H. Histopathological evaluation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis regression.Clin Mol Hepatol. 2017;23:302–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lurie Y, Webb M, Cytter-Kuint R, Shteingart S, Lederkremer GZ. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:11567–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph J, Yon S, Fournier C, Mal F, et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis.Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29:1705–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Brenner DA. Reversibility of liver fibrosis.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013;9:737–9. [PubMed] [PMC]
Acharya P, Chouhan K, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis.Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:671640. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Friedman SL. The Cellular Basis of Hepatic Fibrosis -- Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies.N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1828–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rockey DC. New therapies in hepatitis C virus and chronic liver disease: antifibrotics.Clin Liver Dis. 2006;10:881–900. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dufour JF, DeLellis R, Kaplan MM. Regression of hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis C with long-term interferon treatment.Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:2573–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Marcellin P, Chang T, Lim SG, Tong MJ, Sievert W, Shiffman ML, et al.; Adefovir Dipivoxil 437 Study Group. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.N Engl J Med. 2003;348:808–16. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang M, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Li G. Astaxanthin Prevents Diet-Induced NASH Progression by Shaping Intrahepatic Immunity.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:11037. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
He Y, Hwang S, Ahmed YA, Feng D, Li N, Ribeiro M, et al. Immunopathobiology and therapeutic targets related to cytokines in liver diseases.Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18:18–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mao T, Yang R, Luo Y, He K. Crucial role of T cells in NAFLD-related disease: A review and prospect.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1051076. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Endo Y, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, et al. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease.Annu Rev Immunol. 2017;35:53–84. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gieseck RL 3rd, Wilson MS, Wynn TA. Type 2 immunity in tissue repair and fibrosis.Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:62–76. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gonzalez ME, Volk-Draper L, Bhattarai N, Wilber A, Ran S. Th2 Cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 Promote Differentiation of Pro-Lymphatic Progenitors Derived from Bone Marrow Myeloid Precursors.Stem Cells Dev. 2022;31:322–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Puengel T, Lefere S, Hundertmark J, Kohlhepp M, Penners C, Velde FVd, et al. Combined Therapy with a CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist and FGF21 Analogue Synergizes in Ameliorating Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:6696. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bartneck M, Koppe C, Fech V, Warzecha KT, Kohlhepp M, Huss S, et al. Roles of CCR2 and CCR5 for Hepatic Macrophage Polarization in Mice With Liver Parenchymal Cell-Specific NEMO Deletion.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;11:327–47. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nie Q, Duan G, Luo X, Xie Y, Luo H, Zhou Y, et al. Expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in rats with hepatic fibrosis.World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:86–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nie Q, Cheng Y, Xie Y, Zhou Y, Bai X, Cao Y. Methodologic research on TIMP-1, TIMP-2 detection as a new diagnostic index for hepatic fibrosis and its significance.World J Gastroenterol. 2002;8:282–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wree A, Mehal WZ, Feldstein AE. Targeting Cell Death and Sterile Inflammation Loop for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.Semin Liver Dis. 2016;36:27–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Schwabe RF, Luedde T. Apoptosis and necroptosis in the liver: a matter of life and death.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15:738–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Thapaliya S, Wree A, Povero D, Inzaugarat ME, Berk M, Dixon L, et al. Caspase 3 inactivation protects against hepatic cell death and ameliorates fibrogenesis in a diet-induced NASH model.Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59:1197–206. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Witek RP, Stone WC, Karaca FG, Syn W, Pereira TA, Agboola KM, et al. Pan-caspase inhibitor VX-166 reduces fibrosis in an animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Hepatology. 2009;50:1421–30. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tan Z, Sun H, Xue T, Gan C, Liu H, Xie Y, et al. Liver Fibrosis: Therapeutic Targets and Advances in Drug Therapy.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:730176. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bataller R, Gäbele E, Parsons CJ, Morris T, Yang L, Schoonhoven R, et al. Systemic infusion of angiotensin II exacerbates liver fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats.Hepatology. 2005;41:1046–55. [DOI] [PubMed]
Schepke M, Werner E, Biecker E, Schiedermaier P, Heller J, Neef M, et al. Hemodynamic effects of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.Gastroenterology. 2001;121:389–95. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tripathi D, Therapondos G, Lui HF, Johnston N, Webb DJ, Hayes PC. Chronic administration of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is not effective in reducing portal pressure in patients with preascitic cirrhosis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:390–4. [DOI] [PubMed]
Czaja MJ, Weiner FR, Eghbali M, Giambrone MA, Eghbali M, Zern MA. Differential effects of gamma-interferon on collagen and fibronectin gene expression.J Biol Chem. 1987;262:13348–51. [PubMed]
Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Interferon gamma inhibits lipocyte activation and extracellular matrix mRNA expression during experimental liver injury: implications for treatment of hepatic fibrosis.J Investig Med. 1994;42:660–70. [PubMed]
Marra F, Efsen E, Romanelli RG, Caligiuri A, Pastacaldi S, Batignani G, et al. Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulate profibrogenic and proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells.Gastroenterology. 2000;119:466–78. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hazra S, Xiong S, Wang J, Rippe RA, Krishna V, Chatterjee K, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Induces a Phenotypic Switch from Activated to Quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells.J Biol Chem. 2004;279:11392–401. [DOI] [PubMed]
Xie G, Jiang R, Wang X, Liu P, Zhao A, Wu Y, et al. Conjugated secondary 12α-hydroxylated bile acids promote liver fibrogenesis.EBioMedicine. 2021;66:103290. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shiffman M, Freilich B, Vuppalanchi R, Watt K, Chan JL, Spada A, et al. Randomised clinical trial: emricasan versus placebo significantly decreases ALT and caspase 3/7 activation in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49:64–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xu F, Liu C, Zhou D, Zhang L. TGF-β/SMAD Pathway and Its Regulation in Hepatic Fibrosis.J Histochem Cytochem. 2016;64:157–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
García L, Hernández I, Sandoval A, Salazar A, Garcia J, Vera J, et al. Pirfenidone effectively reverses experimental liver fibrosis.J Hepatol. 2002;37:797–805. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tada S, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M, Sugimoto R, Iwamoto H, Kato M, et al. Pirfenidone inhibits dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001;28:522–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Poo JL, Feldmann G, Moreau A, Gaudin C, Lebrec D. Early colchicine administration reduces hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension in rats with bile duct ligation.J Hepatol. 1993;19:90–4. [DOI] [PubMed]
Arabpour M, Cool RH, Faber KN, Quax WJ, Haisma HJ. Receptor-specific TRAIL as a means to achieve targeted elimination of activated hepatic stellate cells.J Drug Target. 2017;25:360–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Park S, Sohn H, Yoon J, Park SI. Down-regulation of FoxO-dependent c-FLIP expression mediates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in activated hepatic stellate cells.Cell Signal. 2009;21:1495–503. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wright MC, Issa R, Smart DE, Trim N, Murray GI, Primrose JN, et al. Gliotoxin stimulates the apoptosis of human and rat hepatic stellate cells and enhances the resolution of liver fibrosis in rats.Gastroenterology. 2001;121:685–98. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chávez E, Castro-Sánchez L, Shibayama M, Tsutsumi V, Moreno MG, Muriel P. Sulfasalazine prevents the increase in TGF-β, COX-2, nuclear NFκB translocation and fibrosis in CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis in the rat.Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012;31:913–20. [DOI] [PubMed]
Seki E, Minicis SD, Osterreicher CH, Kluwe J, Osawa Y, Brenner DA, et al. TLR4 enhances TGF-β signaling and hepatic fibrosis.Nat Med. 2007;13:1324–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhu Q, Zou L, Jagavelu K, Simonetto DA, Huebert RC, Jiang Z, et al. Intestinal decontamination inhibits TLR4 dependent fibronectin-mediated cross-talk between stellate cells and endothelial cells in liver fibrosis in mice.J Hepatol. 2012;56:893–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Adachi Y, Moore LE, Bradford BU, Gao W, Thurman RG. Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol.Gastroenterology. 1995;108:218–24. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, et al. Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation—a randomized, double-blind trial.Am J Transplant. 2005;5:125–30. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ewaschuk J, Endersby R, Thiel D, Diaz H, Backer J, Ma M, et al. Probiotic bacteria prevent hepatic damage and maintain colonic barrier function in a mouse model of sepsis.Hepatology. 2007;46:841–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liu Y, Chen K, Li F, Gu Z, Liu Q, He L, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Prevents Liver Fibrosis Through Inhibiting Hepatic Bile Acid Synthesis and Enhancing Bile Acid Excretion in Mice.Hepatology. 2020;71:2050–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Budas G, Karnik S, Jonnson T, Watkins S, Breckenridge D. Reduction of Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis with an Ask1 Inhibitor in a Murine Model of Nash is Accompanied by Improvements in Cholesterol, Bile Acid and Lipid Metabolism.J Hepatol. 2016;64:S170. [DOI]
Wang P, Ji Y, Zhang X, Zhao L, Yan Z, Zhang P, et al. Targeting CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and nonhuman primates.Nat Med. 2017;23:439–49. [DOI] [PubMed]
Brown KE, Poulos JE, Li L, Soweid AM, Ramm GA, O'Neill R, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on hepatic fibrogenesis in chronic dietary iron overload.Am J Physiol. 1997;272:G116–23. [DOI] [PubMed]
Houglum K, Venkataramani A, Lyche K, Chojkier M. A pilot study of the effects of d-alpha-tocopherol on hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic hepatitis C.Gastroenterology. 1997;113:1069–73. [DOI] [PubMed]
Megahed A, Gadalla H, Abdelhamid FM, Almehmadi SJ, Khan AA, Albukhari TA, et al. Vitamin D Ameliorates the Hepatic Oxidative Damage and Fibrotic Effect Caused by Thioacetamide in Rats.Biomedicines. 2023;11:424. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gao B, Radaeva S, Jeong W. Activation of natural killer cells inhibits liver fibrosis: a novel strategy to treat liver fibrosis.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;1:173–80. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fasbender F, Widera A, Hengstler JG, Watzl C. Natural Killer Cells and Liver Fibrosis.Front Immunol. 2016;7:19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huang S, Wu H, Luo F, Zhang B, Li T, Yang Z, et al. Exploring the role of mast cells in the progression of liver disease.Front Physiol. 2022;13:964887. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Franceschini B, Ceva-Grimaldi G, Russo C, Dioguardi N, Grizzi F. The complex functions of mast cells in chronic human liver diseases.Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:2248–56. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tian T, Zhao C, Li S, Huang Z, Guo Y, Dai W, et al. Liver-Targeted Delivery of Small Interfering RNA of C-C Chemokine Receptor 2 with Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid Attenuates Liver Cirrhosis.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023;15:10492–505. [DOI] [PubMed]
Meng H, Jiang L, Jia P, Niu R, Bu F, Zhu Y, et al. Inhibition of circular RNA ASPH reduces the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells in hepatic fibrosis.Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;210:115451. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kang SH, Kim MY, Eom YW, Baik SK. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Disease: Present and Perspectives.Gut Liver. 2020;14:306–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vizoso FJ, Eiro N, Cid S, Schneider J, Perez-Fernandez R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies in Regenerative Medicine.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1852. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells.Science. 1999;284:143–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues.Science. 1997;276:71–4. [DOI] [PubMed]
Huang S, Xu L, Sun Y, Wu T, Wang K, Li G. An improved protocol for isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from mouse bone marrow.J Orthop Translat. 2014;3:26–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tsai P, Fu T, Chen YA, Ko T, Chen T, Shih Y, et al. The therapeutic potential of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly in the treatment of rat liver fibrosis.Liver Transpl. 2009;15:484–95. [DOI] [PubMed]
Seki A, Sakai Y, Komura T, Nasti A, Yoshida K, Higashimoto M, et al. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells as a regenerative therapy for a mouse steatohepatitis-induced cirrhosis model.Hepatology. 2013;58:1133–42. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lei M, Li K, Li B, Gao L, Chen F, Jin Y. Mesenchymal stem cell characteristics of dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells after in vivo transplantation.Biomaterials. 2014;35:6332–43. [DOI] [PubMed]
Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen C, Corselli M, Park TS, et al. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs.Cell Stem Cell. 2008;3:301–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yoo KH, Jang IK, Lee MW, Kim HE, Yang MS, Eom Y, et al. Comparison of immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult human tissues.Cell Immunol. 2009;259:150–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mattar P, Bieback K. Comparing the Immunomodulatory Properties of Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue, and Birth-Associated Tissue Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.Front Immunol. 2015;6:560. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lv F, Lu M, Cheung KMC, Leung VYL, Zhou G. Intrinsic properties of mesemchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, umbilical cord and umbilical cord blood comparing the different sources of MSC.Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2012;7:389–99. [DOI] [PubMed]
Melief SM, Zwaginga JJ, Fibbe WE, Roelofs H. Adipose tissue-derived multipotent stromal cells have a higher immunomodulatory capacity than their bone marrow-derived counterparts.Stem Cells Transl Med. 2013;2:455–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Secunda R, Vennila R, Mohanashankar AM, Rajasundari M, Jeswanth S, Surendran R. Isolation, expansion and characterisation of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood and matrix: a comparative study.Cytotechnology. 2015;67:793–807. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ketterl N, Brachtl G, Schuh C, Bieback K, Schallmoser K, Reinisch A, et al. A robust potency assay highlights significant donor variation of human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell immune modulatory capacity and extended radio-resistance.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6:236. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yin JQ, Zhu J, Ankrum JA. Manufacturing of primed mesenchymal stromal cells for therapy.Nat Biomed Eng. 2019;3:90–104. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dominici M, Blanc KL, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy. 2006;8:315–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Klyushnenkova E, Mosca JD, Zernetkina V, Majumdar MK, Beggs KJ, Simonetti DW, et al. T cell responses to allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells: immunogenicity, tolerance, and suppression.J Biomed Sci. 2005;12:47–57. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rasmusson I, Ringdén O, Sundberg B, Blanc KL. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the formation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but not activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells.Transplantation. 2003;76:1208–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Najar M, Raicevic G, Fayyad-Kazan H, Bruyn CD, Bron D, Toungouz M, et al. Immune-related antigens, surface molecules and regulatory factors in human-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: the expression and impact of inflammatory priming.Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2012;8:1188–98. [DOI] [PubMed]
Briones J, Novelli S, Sierra J. T-cell costimulatory molecules in acute-graft-versus host disease: therapeutic implications.Bone Marrow Res. 2011;2011:976793. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Volarevic V, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Stojkovic M. Concise review: Mesenchymal stem cell treatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus.Stem Cells. 2011;29:5–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sharma RR, Pollock K, Hubel A, McKenna D. Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells: a review of clinical applications and manufacturing practices.Transfusion. 2014;54:1418–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Eleuteri S, Fierabracci A. Insights into the Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Applications.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:4597. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dubey NK, Mishra VK, Dubey R, Deng Y, Tsai F, Deng W. Revisiting the Advances in Isolation, Characterization and Secretome of Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:2200. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee EJ, Hwang I, Lee JY, Park JN, Kim KC, Kim G, et al. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via RAD51.Mol Ther. 2018;26:845–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nauta AJ, Fibbe WE. Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells.Blood. 2007;110:3499–506. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chen P, Yen M, Liu K, Sytwu H, Yen B. Immunomodulatory properties of human adult and fetal multipotent mesenchymal stem cells.J Biomed Sci. 2011;18:49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ren G, Zhang L, Zhao X, Xu G, Zhang Y, Roberts AI, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide.Cell Stem Cell. 2008;2:141–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang J, Liu Y, Ding H, Shi X, Ren H. Mesenchymal stem cell-secreted prostaglandin E2 ameliorates acute liver failure via attenuation of cell death and regulation of macrophage polarization.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Quaedackers ME, Baan CC, Weimar W, Hoogduijn MJ. Cell contact interaction between adipose-derived stromal cells and allo-activated T lymphocytes.Eur J Immunol. 2009;39:3436–46. [DOI] [PubMed]
Miguel MPD, Fuentes-Julián S, Blázquez-Martínez A, Pascual CY, Aller MA, Arias J, et al. Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells: advances and applications.Curr Mol Med. 2012;12:574–91. [DOI] [PubMed]
Corcione A, Benvenuto F, Ferretti E, Giunti D, Cappiello V, Cazzanti F, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions.Blood. 2006;107:367–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Asari S, Itakura S, Ferreri K, Liu C, Kuroda Y, Kandeel F, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells suppress B-cell terminal differentiation.Exp Hematol. 2009;37:604–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lin K, Tunyaplin C, Calame K. Transcriptional regulatory cascades controlling plasma cell differentiation.Immunol Rev. 2003;194:19–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Glennie S, Soeiro I, Dyson PJ, Lam EW, Dazzi F. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells.Blood. 2005;105:2821–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lee K, Lin H, Huang Y, Hung S. Allo-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells attenuates hepatic injury through IL1Ra dependent macrophage switch in a mouse model of liver disease.J Hepatol. 2015;63:1405–12. [DOI] [PubMed]
Milosavljevic N, Gazdic M, Markovic BS, Arsenijevic A, Nurkovic J, Dolicanin Z, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate liver fibrosis by suppressing Th17 cells - an experimental study.Transpl Int. 2018;31:102–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Selmani Z, Naji A, Zidi I, Favier B, Gaiffe E, Obert L, et al. Human leukocyte antigen-G5 secretion by human mesenchymal stem cells is required to suppress T lymphocyte and natural killer function and to induce CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T cells.Stem Cells. 2008;26:212–22. [DOI] [PubMed]
Haddad R, Saldanha-Araujo F. Mechanisms of T-cell immunosuppression by mesenchymal stromal cells: what do we know so far?Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:216806. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tse WT, Pendleton JD, Beyer WM, Egalka MC, Guinan EC. Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation.Transplantation. 2003;75:389–97. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mensah-Brown EPK, Shahin A, Al-Shamisi M, Wei X, Lukic ML. IL-23 leads to diabetes induction after subdiabetogenic treatment with multiple low doses of streptozotocin.Eur J Immunol. 2006;36:216–23. [DOI] [PubMed]
Galleu A, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Trento C, Lomas C, Dolcetti L, Cheung TS, et al. Apoptosis in mesenchymal stromal cells induces in vivo recipient-mediated immunomodulation.Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaam7828. [DOI] [PubMed]
Witte SFHd, Luk F, Parraga JMS, Gargesha M, Merino A, Korevaar SS, et al. Immunomodulation By Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) Is Triggered Through Phagocytosis of MSC By Monocytic Cells.Stem Cells. 2018;36:602–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Börger V, Bremer M, Ferrer-Tur R, Gockeln L, Stambouli O, Becic A, et al. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential as Novel Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Agents.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1450. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ying H, Chen Q, Zhang W, Zhang H, Ma Y, Zhang S, et al. PDGF signaling pathway in hepatic fibrosis pathogenesis and therapeutics (Review).Mol Med Rep. 2017;16:7879–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhu J, Luo Z, Pan Y, Zheng W, Li W, Zhang Z et al. H19/miR-148a/USP4 axis facilitates liver fibrosis by enhancing TGF-β signaling in both hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes.J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:9698–710. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sánchez-Valle V, Chávez-Tapia NC, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Role of oxidative stress and molecular changes in liver fibrosis: a review.Curr Med Chem. 2012;19:4850–60. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hammerich L, Tacke F. Hepatic inflammatory responses in liver fibrosis.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:633–46. [DOI] [PubMed]
Nishikawa K, Osawa Y, Kimura K. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis Using Antifibrotic Drugs.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:3103. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Chen E. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Acute Liver Failure.Gut Liver. 2023;17:674–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gazdic M, Markovic BS, Arsenijevic A, Jovicic N, Acovic A, Harrell CR, et al. Crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and T regulatory cells is crucially important for the attenuation of acute liver injury.Liver Transpl. 2018;24:687–702. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fabregat I, Moreno-Càceres J, Sánchez A, Dooley S, Dewidar B, Giannelli G, et al. TGF-β signalling and liver disease.FEBS J. 2016;283:2219–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Piersma B, Bank RA, Boersema M. Signaling in Fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ Converge.Front Med (Lausanne). 2015;2:59. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mia MM, Singh MK. New Insights into Hippo/YAP Signaling in Fibrotic Diseases.Cells. 2022;11:2065. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Du K, Maeso-Díaz R, Oh SH, Wang E, Chen T, Pan C, et al. Targeting YAP-mediated HSC death susceptibility and senescence for treatment of liver fibrosis.Hepatology. 2023;77:1998–2015. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang S, Lee J, Hyun J, Kim J, Kim SU, Cha H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 promotes liver regeneration in mice with acute liver injury.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6:20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li Y, Sheng Q, Zhang C, Han C, Bai H, Lai P, et al. STAT6 up-regulation amplifies M2 macrophage anti-inflammatory capacity through mesenchymal stem cells.Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;91:107266. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li Y, Zhang C, Sheng Q, Bai H, Ding Y, Dou X. Mesenchymal stem cells rescue acute hepatic failure by polarizing M2 macrophages.World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:7978–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang Z, Zhu W, Ren H, Zhao X, Wang S, Ma H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells increase expression of heme oxygenase-1 leading to anti-inflammatory activity in treatment of acute liver failure.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8:70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Wang J, Ma H, Tang Z, Ding H, Shi X. Mesenchymal stem cells increase heme oxygenase 1-activated autophagy in treatment of acute liver failure.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;508:682–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhao X, Shi X, Zhang Z, Ma H, Yuan X, Ding Y. Combined treatment with MSC transplantation and neutrophil depletion ameliorates D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver failure in rats.Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2016;40:730–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wu H, Zhang X, Jia B, Cao Y, Yan K, Li J, et al. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure through activating ERK and IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.J Pharmacol Sci. 2021;147:143–55. [DOI] [PubMed]
Borkham-Kamphorst E, Weiskirchen R. The PDGF system and its antagonists in liver fibrosis.Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016; 28:53–61. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lin N, Hu K, Chen S, Xie S, Tang Z, Lin J, et al. Nerve growth factor-mediated paracrine regulation of hepatic stellate cells by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.Life Sci. 2009;85:291–5. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jang YO, Kim MY, Cho MY, Baik SK, Cho YZ, Kwon SO. Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on hepatic fibrosis in a thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rat model.BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:198. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ignat SN, Gharbia S, Hermenean A, Dinescu S, Costache M. Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells’ (MSCs) Secretome for Liver Fibrosis Therapies.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:13292. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Miao CG, Yang YY, He X, Huang C, Huang Y, Zhang L, et al. Wnt signaling in liver fibrosis: progress, challenges and potential directions.Biochimie. 2013;95:2326–35.
Zhang S, Yang Y, Fan L, Zhang F, Li L. The clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in liver disease: the current situation and potential future.Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:565. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Parekkadan B, Poll Dv, Megeed Z, Kobayashi N, Tilles AW, Berthiaume F, et al. Immunomodulation of activated hepatic stellate cells by mesenchymal stem cells.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;363:247–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang J, Bian C, Liao L, Zhu Y, Li J, Zeng L, et al. Inhibition of hepatic stellate cells proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells and the possible mechanisms.Hepatol Res. 2009;39:1219–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Meng HF, Jin J, Wang H, Wang LS, Wu CT. Recent advances in the therapeutic efficacy of hepatocyte growth factor gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells in multiple disease settings.J Cell Mol Med. 2022;26:4745–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Qiao H, Zhou Y, Qin X, Cheng J, He Y, Jiang Y. NADPH Oxidase Signaling Pathway Mediates Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Induced Inhibition of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation.Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:1239143. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen S, Xu L, Lin N, Pan W, Hu K, Xu R. Activation of Notch1 signaling by marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through cell-cell contact inhibits proliferation of hepatic stellate cells.Life Sci. 2011;89:975–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Semedo P, Correa-Costa M, Cenedeze MA, Malheiros DMAC, Reis MAd, Shimizu MH, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate renal fibrosis through immune modulation and remodeling properties in a rat remnant kidney model.Stem Cells. 2009;27:3063–73. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y, Jiao L, Qiang C, Chen C, Shen Z, Ding F, et al. The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in fibrosis diseases and its molecular mechanisms.Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;171:116116. [DOI] [PubMed]
Quintanilha LF, Takami T, Hirose Y, Fujisawa K, Murata Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Canine mesenchymal stem cells show antioxidant properties against thioacetamide-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.Hepatol Res. 2014;44:E206–17. [DOI] [PubMed]
Cho K, Woo S, Seoh J, Han H, Ryu K. Mesenchymal stem cells restore CCl4-induced liver injury by an antioxidative process.Cell Biol Int. 2012;36:1267–74. [DOI] [PubMed]
Choi SS, Diehl AM. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in the liver.Hepatology. 2009;50:2007–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li T, Yan Y, Wang B, Qian H, Zhang X, Shen L, et al. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate liver fibrosis.Stem Cells Dev. 2013;22:845–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nickel S, Vlaic S, Christ M, Schubert K, Henschler R, Tautenhahn F, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells mitigate liver damage after extended resection in the pig by modulating thrombospondin-1/TGF-β.NPJ Regen Med. 2021;6:84. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Eom YW, Shim KY, Baik SK. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis.Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30:580–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Amadeo F, Cepeda KT, Littlewood J, Wilm B, Taylor A, Murray P. Mesenchymal stromal cells: what have we learned so far about their therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action?Emerg Top Life Sci. 2021;5:549–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Schwartz RE, Reyes M, Koodie L, Jiang Y, Blackstad M, Lund T, et al. Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells.J Clin Invest. 2002;109:1291–302. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dai L, Li HY, Guan L, Ritchie G, Zhou JX. The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on hepatic cirrhosis.Stem Cell Res. 2009;2:16–25. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lee K, Kuo TK, Whang-Peng J, Chung Y, Lin C, Chou S, et al. In vitro hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.Hepatology. 2004;40:1275–84. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li J, Tao R, Wu W, Cao H, Xin J, Li J, et al. 3D PLGA scaffolds improve differentiation and function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes.Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19:1427–36. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ong S, Dai H, Leong KW. Inducing hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet culture.Biomaterials. 2006;27:4087–97. [DOI] [PubMed]
Banas A, Teratani T, Yamamoto Y, Tokuhara M, Takeshita F, Quinn G, et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a source of human hepatocytes.Hepatology. 2007;46:219–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Campard D, Lysy PA, Najimi M, Sokal EM. Native umbilical cord matrix stem cells express hepatic markers and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.Gastroenterology. 2008;134:833–48. [DOI] [PubMed]
Aurich H, Sgodda M, Kaltwasser P, Vetter M, Weise A, Liehr T, et al. Hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue in vitro promotes hepatic integration in vivo.Gut. 2009;58:570–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Seo MJ, Suh SY, Bae YC, Jung JS. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;328:258–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. The phenotypic fate and functional role for bone marrow-derived stem cells in liver fibrosis.J Hepatol. 2012;56:965–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Driscoll J, Patel T. The mesenchymal stem cell secretome as an acellular regenerative therapy for liver disease.J Gastroenterol. 2019;54:763–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu Y, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Liu K, Wu J, Gao P, et al. Exosomes in liver fibrosis: The role of modulating hepatic stellate cells and immune cells, and prospects for clinical applications.Front Immunol. 2023;14:1133297. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wubbolts R, Leckie RS, Veenhuizen PTM, Schwarzmann G, Möbius W, Hoernschemeyer J, et al. Proteomic and biochemical analyses of human B cell-derived exosomes. Potential implications for their function and multivesicular body formation.J Biol Chem. 2003;278:10963–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lötvall J, Hill AF, Hochberg F, Buzás EI, Vizio DD, Gardiner C, et al. Minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles and their functions: a position statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.J Extracell Vesicles. 2014;3:26913. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen TS, Lai RC, Lee MM, Choo ABH, Lee CN, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cell secretes microparticles enriched in pre-microRNAs.Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38:215–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kou M, Huang L, Yang J, Chiang Z, Chen S, Liu J, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: a next generation therapeutic tool?Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:580. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Taylor DD, Gerçel-Taylor C. Tumour-derived exosomes and their role in cancer-associated T-cell signalling defects.Br J Cancer. 2005;92:305–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang E, Wang X, Gong Z, Yu M, Wu H, Zhang D. Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: the emerging role in tumor microenvironment remodeling and its influence on cancer progression.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:242. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mittelbrunn M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Intercellular communication: diverse structures for exchange of genetic information.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012;13:328–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Psaraki A, Ntari L, Karakostas C, Korrou-Karava D, Roubelakis MG. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: The regenerative impact in liver diseases.Hepatology. 2022;75:1590–603. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lai RC, Arslan F, Lee MM, Sze NSK, Choo A, Chen TS, et al. Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.Stem Cell Res. 2010;4:214–22. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang X, Huang W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Peng T, Chang J, et al. Loss of duplexmiR-223 (5p and 3p) aggravates myocardial depression and mortality in polymicrobial sepsis.Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1842:701–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Katsuda T, Tsuchiya R, Kosaka N, Yoshioka Y, Takagaki K, Oki K, et al. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells secrete functional neprilysin-bound exosomes.Sci Rep. 2013;3:1197. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen L, Lu F, Chen D, Wu J, Hu E, Xu L, et al. BMSCs-derived miR-223-containing exosomes contribute to liver protection in experimental autoimmune hepatitis.Mol Immunol. 2018;93:38–46. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tan CY, Lai RC, Wong W, Dan YY, Lim S, Ho HK. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote hepatic regeneration in drug-induced liver injury models.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;5:76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tian S, Zhou X, Zhang M, Cui L, Li B, Liu Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protect against liver fibrosis via delivering miR-148a to target KLF6/STAT3 pathway in macrophages.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022; 13:330. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shen J, Cao J, Chen M, Zhang Y. Recent advances in the role of exosomes in liver fibrosis.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;38:1083–88. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li X, Chen R, Kemper S, Brigstock DR. Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes Are Therapeutic for Toxin-Mediated Fibrosis and Gene Expression in the Liver.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;7:368. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Elahi FM, Farwell DG, Nolta JA, Anderson JD. Preclinical translation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.Stem Cells. 2020;38:15–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hoshino A, Costa-Silva B, Shen T, Rodrigues G, Hashimoto A, Mark MT, et al. Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis.Nature. 2015;527:329–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yan Y, Jiang W, Tan Y, Zou S, Zhang H, Mao F, et al. hucMSC Exosome-Derived GPX1 Is Required for the Recovery of Hepatic Oxidant Injury.Mol Ther. 2017;25:465–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jiang W, Tan Y, Cai M, Zhao T, Mao F, Zhang X, et al. Human Umbilical Cord MSC-Derived Exosomes Suppress the Development of CCl4-Induced Liver Injury through Antioxidant Effect.Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:6079642. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lou G, Yang Y, Liu F, Ye B, Chen Z, Zheng M, et al. MiR-122 modification enhances the therapeutic efficacy of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells against liver fibrosis.J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:2963–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang S, Jiang L, Hu H, Wang H, Wang X, Jiang J, et al. Pretreatment of exosomes derived from hUCMSCs with TNF-α ameliorates acute liver failure by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 in macrophage.Life Sci. 2020;246:117401. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhu L, Wang Q, Guo M, Fang H, Li T, Zhu Y, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Various Chronic Liver Diseases: Hype or Hope?J Inflamm Res. 2024;17:171–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zong R, Zheng Y, Yan Y, Sun W, Kong L, Huang Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes alleviate liver fibrosis by targeting Hedgehog/SMO signaling.Hepatol Int. 2024;18:1781–91. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chen L, Chen R, Velazquez VM, Brigstock DR. Fibrogenic Signaling Is Suppressed in Hepatic Stellate Cells through Targeting of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CCN2) by Cellular or Exosomal MicroRNA-199a-5p.Am J Pathol. 2016;186:2921–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Qu Y, Zhang Q, Cai X, Li F, Ma Z, Xu M, et al. Exosomes derived from miR-181-5p-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent liver fibrosis via autophagy activation.J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:2491–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Devhare PB, Sasaki R, Shrivastava S, Bisceglie AMD, Ray R, Ray RB. Exosome-Mediated Intercellular Communication between Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Hepatocytes and Hepatic Stellate Cells.J Virol. 2017;91:e02225–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ohara M, Ohnishi S, Hosono H, Yamamoto K, Yuyama K, Nakamura H, et al. Extracellular Vesicles from Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats.Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:3212643. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mardpour S, Ghanian MH, Sadeghi-Abandansari H, Mardpour S, Nazari A, Shekari F, et al. Hydrogel-Mediated Sustained Systemic Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improves Hepatic Regeneration in Chronic Liver Failure.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11:37421–33. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rong X, Liu J, Yao X, Jiang T, Wang Y, Xie F. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes alleviate liver fibrosis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10:98. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bruno S, Pasquino C, Sanchez MBH, Tapparo M, Figliolini F, Grange C, et al. HLSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis.Mol Ther. 2020;28:479–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Povero D, Pinatel EM, Leszczynska A, Goyal NP, Nishio T, Kim J, et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles reduce hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis.JCI Insight. 2019;5:e125652. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang X, Zhou J, Peng D, Hua F, Li K, Yu J, et al. Disrupting the TRIB3-SQSTM1 interaction reduces liver fibrosis by restoring autophagy and suppressing exosome-mediated HSC activation.Autophagy. 2020;16:782–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li X, Liu R, Huang Z, Gurley EC, Wang X, Wang J, et al. Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA H19 promotes cholestatic liver injury in mouse and humans.Hepatology. 2018;68:599–615. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu R, Li X, Zhu W, Wang Y, Zhao D, Wang X, et al. Cholangiocyte-Derived Exosomal Long Noncoding RNA H19 Promotes Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Cholestatic Liver Fibrosis.Hepatology. 2019;70:1317–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen L, Chen R, Kemper S, Charrier A, Brigstock DR. Suppression of fibrogenic signaling in hepatic stellate cells by Twist1-dependent microRNA-214 expression: Role of exosomes in horizontal transfer of Twist1.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015;309:G491–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li Z, Zhou X, Gao X, Bai D, Dong Y, Sun W, et al. Fusion protein engineered exosomes for targeted degradation of specific RNAs in lysosomes: a proof-of-concept study.J Extracell Vesicles. 2020;9:1816710. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wan T, Zhong J, Pan Q, Zhou T, Ping Y, Liu X. Exosome-mediated delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes for tissue-specific gene therapy of liver diseases.Sci Adv. 2022;8:eabp9435. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Haga H, Yan IK, Takahashi K, Matsuda A, Patel T. Extracellular Vesicles from Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Survival from Lethal Hepatic Failure in Mice.Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6:1262–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Khan S, Mahgoub S, Fallatah N, Lalor PF, Newsome PN. Liver Disease and Cell Therapy: Advances Made and Remaining Challenges.Stem Cells. 2023;41:739–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gowen A, Shahjin F, Chand S, Odegaard KE, Yelamanchili SV. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Challenges in Clinical Applications.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:149. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Beegle J, Lakatos K, Kalomoiris S, Stewart H, Isseroff RR, Nolta JA, et al. Hypoxic preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells induces metabolic changes, enhances survival, and promotes cell retention in vivo.Stem Cells. 2015;33:1818–28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Das R, Jahr H, Osch GJVMv, Farrell E. The role of hypoxia in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: considerations for regenerative medicine approaches.Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16:159–68. [DOI] [PubMed]
Abdollahi H, Harris LJ, Zhang P, McIlhenny S, Srinivas V, Tulenko T, et al. The role of hypoxia in stem cell differentiation and therapeutics.J Surg Res. 2011;165:112–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hubbi ME, Semenza GL. Regulation of cell proliferation by hypoxia-inducible factors.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2015;309:C775–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sani F, Sani M, Moayedfard Z, Darayee M, Tayebi L, Azarpira N. Potential advantages of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14:138. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fan X, Zhang Y, Li X, Fu Q. Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy.Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77:2771–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Deng C, Qin A, Zhao W, Feng T, Shi C, Liu T. Up-regulation of CXCR4 in rat umbilical mesenchymal stem cells induced by serum from rat with acute liver failure promotes stem cells migration to injured liver tissue.Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;396:107–16. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ma H, Shi X, Ren H, Yuan X, Ding Y. Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 to acute failing liver improves liver regeneration.World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:14884–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xu R, Ni B, Wang L, Shan J, Pan L, He Y, et al. CCR2-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells targeting damaged liver enhance recovery of acute liver failure.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13:55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen H, Tang S, Liao J, Liu M, Lin Y. VEGF165 gene-modified human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells protect against acute liver failure in rats.J Gene Med. 2021;23:e3369. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang K, Li Y, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Li W, Lin W, et al. Overexpression of c-Met in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improves their effectiveness in homing and repair of acute liver failure.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8:162. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huh C, Factor VM, Sánchez A, Uchida K, Conner EA, Thorgeirsson SS. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:4477–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yu Y, Zhang Q, Wu N, Xia L, Cao J, Xia Q, et al. HNF4α overexpression enhances the therapeutic potential of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in mice with acute liver failure.FEBS Lett. 2022;596:3176–90. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zheng Y, Zhang X, Huang Z, Lin C, Lai J, Gu Y, et al. Amniotic-fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-1 receptor antagonist improve fulminant hepatic failure.PLoS One. 2012;7:e41392. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chae YJ, Jun DW, Lee JS, Saeed WK, Kang HT, Jang K, et al. The Use of Foxa2-Overexpressing Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in a Scaffold System Attenuates Acute Liver Injury.Gut Liver. 2019;13:450–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nie H, An F, Mei J, Yang C, Zhan Q, Zhang Q. IL-1 β Pretreatment Improves the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Acute Liver Failure by Enhancing CXCR4 Expression.Stem Cells Int. 2020;2020:1498315. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sang J, Shi X, Han B, Huang X, Huang T, Ren H, et al. Combined mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and interleukin-1 receptor antagonism after partial hepatectomy.World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:4120–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen H, Tang S, Liao J, Liu M, Lin Y. Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells combined with G-CSF on rats with acute liver failure.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;517:670–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fathy M, Okabe M, Othman EM, Eldien HMS, Yoshida T. Preconditioning of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem-Like Cells with Eugenol Potentiates Their Migration and Proliferation In Vitro and Therapeutic Abilities in Rat Hepatic Fibrosis.Molecules. 2020;25:2020. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lu W, Qu J, Yan L, Tang X, Wang X, Ye A, et al. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14:301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wu M, Meng Q. Current understanding of mesenchymal stem cells in liver diseases.World J Stem Cells. 2021;13:1349–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
You Y, Wen D, Gong J, Liu Z. Research Status of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Transplantation.Cell Transplant. 2019;28:1490–506. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hong J, Jin H, Han J, Hu H, Liu J, Li L, et al. Infusion of human umbilical cord‑derived mesenchymal stem cells effectively relieves liver cirrhosis in DEN‑induced rats.Mol Med Rep. 2014;9:1103–11. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yano M, Nasti A, Seki A, Ishida K, Yamato M, Inui H, et al. Characterization of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells of mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and their use for liver repair.Regenerative Therapy. 2021;18:497–507. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sakaida I. Autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy for liver cirrhosis.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1349–53. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tan GS, Xiang XH, Wang Y, Fan WZ, Chen W, Yang JY. Therapeutic effect of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for rat model of hepatic cirrhosis.World Chin J Digestol. 2009;17:1074–8. [DOI]
Yang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu Y. Effect of allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a rat model of hepatic cirrhosis.J Tradit Chin Med. 2015;35:63–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mohamadnejad M, Alimoghaddam K, Mohyeddin-Bonab M, Bagheri M, Bashtar M, Ghanaati H, et al. Phase 1 trial of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.Arch Iran Med. 2007;10:459–66. [PubMed]
Kharaziha P, Hellström PM, Noorinayer B, Farzaneh F, Aghajani K, Jafari F, et al. Improvement of liver function in liver cirrhosis patients after autologous mesenchymal stem cell injection: a phase I-II clinical trial.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21:1199–205. [DOI] [PubMed]
Amer MM, El-Sayed SZ, El-Kheir WA, Gabr H, Gomaa AA, El-Noomani N, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with end-stage liver cell failure injected with bone marrow-derived hepatocyte-like cells.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23:936–41. [DOI] [PubMed]
Peng L, Xie D, Lin B, Liu J, Zhu H, Xie C, et al. Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in liver failure patients caused by hepatitis B: short-term and long-term outcomes.Hepatology. 2011;54:820–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
El-Ansary M, Abdel-Aziz I, Mogawer S, Abdel-Hamid S, Hammam O, Teaema S, et al. Phase II trial: undifferentiated versus differentiated autologous mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in Egyptian patients with HCV induced liver cirrhosis.Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2012;8:972–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shi M, Zhang Z, Xu R, Lin H, Fu J, Zou Z, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cell transfusion is safe and improves liver function in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients.Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012;1:725–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang Z, Lin H, Shi M, Xu R, Fu J, Lv J, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve liver function and ascites in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:112–20. [DOI] [PubMed]
Amin MA, Sabry D, Rashed LA, Aref WM, el-Ghobary MA, Farhan MS, et al. Short-term evaluation of autologous transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with cirrhosis: Egyptian study.Clin Transplant. 2013;27:607–12. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mohamadnejad M, Alimoghaddam K, Bagheri M, Ashrafi M, Abdollahzadeh L, Akhlaghpoor S, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in decompensated cirrhosis.Liver Int. 2013;33:1490–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang L, Li J, Liu H, Li Y, Fu J, Sun Y, et al. Pilot study of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transfusion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28:85–92. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jang YO, Kim YJ, Baik SK, Kim MY, Eom YW, Cho MY, et al. Histological improvement following administration of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alcoholic cirrhosis: a pilot study.Liver Int. 2014;34:33–41. [DOI] [PubMed]
Salama H, Zekri AN, Medhat E, Alim SAA, Ahmed OS, Bahnassy AA, et al. Peripheral vein infusion of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in Egyptian HCV-positive patients with end-stage liver disease.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;5:70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang L, Han Q, Chen H, Wang K, Shan G, Kong F, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with UDCA-resistant primary biliary cirrhosis.Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23:2482–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Suk KT, Yoon J, Kim MY, Kim CW, Kim JK, Park H, et al. Transplantation with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alcoholic cirrhosis: Phase 2 trial.Hepatology. 2016;64:2185–97. [DOI] [PubMed]
Xu L, Gong Y, Wang B, Shi K, Hou Y, Wang L, et al. Randomized trial of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for hepatitis B virus cirrhosis: regulation of Treg/Th17 cells.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29:1620–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lanthier N, Lin-Marq N, Rubbia-Brandt L, Clément S, Goossens N, Spahr L. Autologous bone marrow-derived cell transplantation in decompensated alcoholic liver disease: what is the impact on liver histology and gene expression patterns?Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8:88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lin B, Chen J, Qiu W, Wang K, Xie D, Chen X, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: A randomized controlled trial.Hepatology. 2017;66:209–19. [DOI] [PubMed]
Detry O, Vandermeulen M, Delbouille M, Somja J, Bletard N, Briquet A, et al. Infusion of mesenchymal stromal cells after deceased liver transplantation: A phase I-II, open-label, clinical study.J Hepatol. 2017;67:47–55. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sakai Y, Takamura M, Seki A, Sunagozaka H, Terashima T, Komura T, et al. Phase I clinical study of liver regenerative therapy for cirrhosis by intrahepatic arterial infusion of freshly isolated autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem (regenerative) cell.Regen Ther. 2017;6:52–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang Y, Liu W, Fu B, Wang G, Li H, Yi H, et al. Therapeutic potentials of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for ischemic-type biliary lesions following liver transplantation.Cytotherapy. 2017;19:194–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fang X, Liu L, Dong J, Zhang J, Song H, Song Y, et al. A study about immunomodulatory effect and efficacy and prognosis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B-induced decompensated liver cirrhosis.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33:774–80. [DOI] [PubMed]
Casiraghi F, Perico N, Podestà MA, Todeschini M, Zambelli M, Colledan M, et al.; MSC-LIVER Study Group. Third-party bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell infusion before liver transplantation: A randomized controlled trial.Am J Transplant. 2021;21:2795–809. [DOI] [PubMed]
Schacher FC, Silva AMPd, Silla LMdR, Álvares-da-Silva MR. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Grades 2 and 3: A Phase I-II Randomized Clinical Trial.Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;2021:3662776. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu WH, Song FQ, Ren LN, Guo WQ, Wang T, Feng YX, et al. The multiple functional roles of mesenchymal stem cells in participating in treating liver diseases.J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19:511–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mishra PJ, Mishra PJ, Humeniuk R, Medina DJ, Alexe G, Mesirov JP, et al. Carcinoma-associated fibroblast-like differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.Cancer Res. 2008;68:4331–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhou YF, Bosch-Marce M, Okuyama H, Krishnamachary B, Kimura H, Zhang L, et al. Spontaneous transformation of cultured mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cells.Cancer Res. 2006;66:10849–54. [DOI] [PubMed]
Miura M, Miura Y, Padilla-Nash HM, Molinolo AA, Fu B, Patel V, et al. Accumulated chromosomal instability in murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells leads to malignant transformation.Stem Cells. 2006;24:1095–103. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dahl J, Duggal S, Coulston N, Millar D, Melki J, Shahdadfar A, et al. Genetic and epigenetic instability of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells expanded in autologous serum or fetal bovine serum.Int J Dev Biol. 2008;52:1033–42. [DOI] [PubMed]
