Four common sleep disorders and their features [26]
Name
Features
Prevalence
ASPD/ASPS, ~2%
The sleep episode occurs in advance time than the desired clock time, leading to early sleep onset and early awakening than the desired time
ASPD is more prevalent in elderly people
This syndrome is rare and has a genetic basis. It is conferred by a single autosomal dominant gene that resides on the short arm of chromosome 2 which carries Per2 genes. Mutation results from serine-to-glycine in PER2 protein are the responsible party for this syndrome
Mutation in CK1ε lowers the rate of degradation of PER2 protein. Misregulation of PER2 protein promotes ASPS
DSPD/DSPS, 83%
The onset of sleep and final awakening are delayed concerning the desired clock time. The body temperature, melatonin, and sleep rhythm of DSPS subjects are very similar to normal subjects, but the phase is delayed. They are less productive in their profession and social life
DSPS may appear in early childhood but commonly occurs during adolescence and in middle age people. Social and occupational impairment can promote DSPS
FRD, ~2%
It is known as a non-24-h-sleep-wake syndrome and appears as a chronic disorder. In this pattern, progressive changes of 1-h to 2-h delays in sleep onset and wake times are the fundamental features
FRD is common in those who are blind and it may be due to failure of the entrainment to the LD cycle
The variable period length indicates the interaction between the environment and the sleep-wake cycle
ISWR, 12%
The pattern is temporally disorganized. The variable episodes of sleeping and waking behavior are very common. A short sleep period (a few hours) is distributed randomly throughout the day and night
ISWR is very common in night workers, shift workers, students of colleges, universities, technical institutes, medical schools, law schools, and research institutes
It has also been observed mainly in the mentally retarded and demented individuals
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India, for providing all kinds of facilities to prepare this manuscript. The author expresses his sincere thanks to Dr. Amal Kanti Chakraborty, Ex-Associate Professor of English, Midnapore College Midnapore, for his convenient help during the linguistic correction.
Author contributions
SAA initially started literature searching and preparation of the manuscript. SS guided the overall work. He involved in the writing and correction of the manuscript and gave the final shape of this review article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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