Table Info

Table 1.

Common features/similarities to pathophysiological mechanisms in MS and comorbidity depression

Criteria	Depression/mood disorders	MS
HPA-axis dysfunction/stress/elevated cortisol release	[24, 28, 37, 38]	[26, 27, 30, 34–36]
Imbalance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines	[39–42, 44]	[12, 98, 154, 261]
sNfL, an early biomarker for neuronal damage (“troponin of the neurologist”)	[45–47, 50–53]	[56–60, 62]
sGFAP for diagnostics to detect “smoldering MS” and monitor the severity of the depression	[65, 68, 70]	[66, 69, 70]
BBB disorders	[113–119]	[109, 110, 113]
Microglial pathology	[20, 123, 128, 129]	[124–126]
Gut microbiome disorders	[150, 151, 154, 156–158]	[145, 146]

Declarations

Author contributions

HKG: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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