Table Info

Table 1.

CBT for BD

Study	Mean age	Sample size	Female	Intervention type	Outcomes	Follow-up
Nielssen et al. [103]	44	83	55	10 weekly group sessions	Reductions in symptoms of depression and mania	6 months
Henken et al. [104]	46	23	18	10 weekly group sessions	Variation in mood states diminished; there was a change from depressive states to more euthymic states; there was an increase in overall psychosocial functioning and self-reported psychological health	2 months and 12 months
Weinstein et al. [105]	9.19	69	29	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Higher self-esteem; decreases in depression and mania symptoms, suicidal ideation, and anxiety; improving mental health in children and parents	6 months
Steinan et al. [106]	32.4	40	24	8 weekly individual sessions	Improvement in sleep quality; lower scores in mania and depression	6 months
West et al. [107]	9.15	69	28	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Reducing mania and depression symptoms; improvement in global functioning	6 months
Costa et al. [108]	41.5	41	27	14 weekly group sessions	Lower scores for mania (not statistically significant) and depression (statistically significant) as well as a reduction in the frequency and duration of mood episodes; significant improvement in mental health	6 months
González-Isasi et al. [109]	41.30	40	19	20 weekly individual sessions	Fewer hospitalizations corresponded to better progression, and higher self-esteem corresponded to better prognosis	6 months and 12 months
Parikh and Scott [110]	40.9	204	118	20 weekly individual sessions	Significantly lower scores in mania and depression	18 months
Gomes et al. [111]	38.5	50	27	18 weekly group sessions	Significant decreases in the number of depression and mania episodes, and managing mania symptoms	12 months
da Costa et al. [112]	40.5	37	25	14 weekly group sessions	Fewer symptoms of mania, depression, and anxiety, as well as fewer and shorter mood change episodes	6 months
West et al. [113]	9.45	26	11	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Significant improvement in mania symptoms; parents reported an increased ability to cope with their child’s illness	None
Zaretsky et al. [114]	40.7	79	46	14 weekly individual sessions	Lower levels of affective symptoms and higher psychosocial functioning; fifty percent fewer days of depressed mood over the course of one year	12 months
Reilly-Harrington et al. [115]	38.4	10	6	20 weekly individual sessions	Significant decreases in depressive mood; decreases in mania; significant decreases in anxiety	2 months
Scott et al. [116]	41	253	130	22 weekly individual sessions	Significant decreases in depression, mania, and hypomania	6 months, 12 months, and 18 months
Feeny et al. [117]	14	16	9	12 weekly individual sessions	Significantly lower scores in depression and mania	2 months
Pavuluri et al. [118]	11.33	34	10	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Significant reductions in ADHD, depression, mania, psychosis, aggression, and sleep disturbance; high levels of treatment integrity, adherence, and satisfaction	None
Patelis-Siotis et al. [119]	39.8	49	28	14 weekly group sessions	Lower scores in symptom severity, and significant improvement in mental health	None

ADHD: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Declarations

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my colleagues and friends at “Amir Kabir Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled’’ in Kashan as well as “Social Welfare Department of the city of Kashan’’ for their intellectual assistance and thoughtful insights on an earlier draft of this paper.

Author contributions

BA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Thesing CS, Stek ML, van Grootheest DS, van de Ven PM, Beekman AT, Kupka RW, et al. Childhood abuse, family history and stressors in older patients with bipolar disorder in relation to age at onset. J Affect Disord. 2015;184:249–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

Sedler MJ. Falret’s discovery: the origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:1127–33. [DOI] [PubMed]

Falret JP. Mémoire sur la folie circulaire. Bull Acad Natl Med. 1854;19:382–415. French.

Fletcher K, Tan EJ, Scott J, Murray G. Bipolar II disorder: the need for clearer definition and improved management. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52:598–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

Malhi GS, Hamilton A, Morris G, Irwin L. No bipolar II–for me, or for you! Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52:599–601. [DOI] [PubMed]

Parker G, Tavella G, Macqueen G, Berk M, Grunze H, Deckersbach T, et al. Revising diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, criteria for the bipolar disorders: phase I of the AREDOC project. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52:1173–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

Dunner DL. Bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2017;19:520–1. [DOI] [PubMed]

Dunner DL, Gershon ES, Goodwin FK. Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. Biol Psychiatry. 1976;11:31–42. [PubMed]

Newman CF, Leahy RL, Beck AT, Reilly-Harrington NA, Gyulai L. Bipolar disorder: a cognitive therapy approach. American Psychological Association; 2002.

10.

Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press; 1979.

11.

Power MJ. Psychological approaches to bipolar disorders: a theoretical critique. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:1101–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Lam D, Wright K, Smith N. Dysfunctional assumptions in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2004;79:193–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Green MJ, Cahill CM, Malhi GS. The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;103:29–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Sheri Van Dijk MSW. DBT made simple: a step-by-step guide to dialectical behavior therapy. New Harbinger Publications; 2013.

15.

Afshari B, Rasouli-Azad M, Ghoreishi FS. Comparison of original and revised reinforcement sensitivity theory in clinically-stable schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Pers Individ Dif. 2019;138:321–7. [DOI]

16.

Johnson SL. Life events in bipolar disorder: towards more specific models. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:1008–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Scott J, Stanton B, Garland A, Ferrier IN. Cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2000;30:467–72. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.

19.

American Psychiatric Association; DSM-5 Task Force. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5^TM, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

20.

Lima IMM, Peckham AD, Johnson SL. Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: implications for emotion. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:126–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Schneider MR, DelBello MP, McNamara RK, Strakowski SM, Adler CM. Neuroprogression in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:356–74. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Xu G, Lin K, Rao D, Dang Y, Ouyang H, Guo Y, et al. Neuropsychological performance in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression patients: a longitudinal, naturalistic study. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:328–39. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A. Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr Res. 2005;80:137–49. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Cipollone G, Paolilli FL, Novi M, Masci I, Caruso D, MorettoUet al. 0959 Evening chronotypes mediate the association between early life stress and emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Sleep. 2018;41:A356. [DOI]

25.

Harrison PJ, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM. The emerging neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41:18–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Maruani J, Anderson G, Etain B, Lejoyeux M, Bellivier F, Geoffroy PA. The neurobiology of adaptation to seasons: relevance and correlations in bipolar disorders. Chronobiol Int. 2018;35:1335–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Manji HK, Quiroz JA, Payne JL, Singh J, Lopes BP, Viegas JS, et al. The underlying neurobiology of bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry. 2003;2:136–46. [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Shiah IS, Yatham LN. Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2:77–92. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Willner P, Muscat R, Phillips G. The role of dopamine in rewarded behavior: ability, insight, drive or incentive? Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1991;43:291–300. [PubMed]

30.

Maes M, Meltzer HY, D’Hondt P, Cosyns P, Blockx P. Effects of serotonin precursors on the negative feedback effects of glucocorticoids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20:149–67. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Salvadore G, Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Henter ID, Manji HK, Zarate CA Jr. The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1488–501. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Grunze HC. Switching, induction of rapid cycling, and increased suicidality with antidepressants in bipolar patients: fact or overinterpretation? CNS Spectr. 2008;13:790–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Licht RW, Gijsman H, Nolen WA, Angst J. Are antidepressants safe in the treatment of bipolar depression? A critical evaluation of their potential risk to induce switch into mania or cycle acceleration. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;118:337–46. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Marvel CL, Paradiso S. Cognitive and neurological impairment in mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004;27:19–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Unterrainer JM, Owen AM. Planning and problem solving: from neuropsychology to functional neuroimaging. J Physiol Paris. 2006;99:308–17. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Rich BA, Fromm SJ, Berghorst LH, Dickstein DP, Brotman MA, Pine DS, et al. Neural connectivity in children with bipolar disorder: impairment in the face emotion processing circuit. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49:88–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA. An fMRI study of the neural correlates of incidental versus directed emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:308–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Fornito A, Malhi GS, Lagopoulos J, Ivanovski B, Wood SJ, Saling MM, et al. Anatomical abnormalities of the anterior cingulate and paracingulate cortex in patients with bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008;162:123–32. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R. Neurobiology of emotion perception I: the neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:504–14. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Ridderinkhof KR, Ullsperger M, Crone EA, Nieuwenhuis S. The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science. 2004;306:443–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

Najt P, Nicoletti M, Chen HH, Hatch JP, Caetano SC, Sassi RB, et al. Anatomical measurements of the orbitofrontal cortex in child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2007;413:183–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Price JL. Prefrontal cortical networks related to visceral function and mood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;877:383–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

43.

Afshari B, Khezrian K, Faghihi A. Examination and comparison of cognitive and executive functions in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2019;37:270–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

44.

Tian F, Diao W, Yang X, Wang X, Roberts N, Feng C, et al. Failure of activation of striatum during the performance of executive function tasks in adult patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2020;50:653–65. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Dixon T, Kravariti E, Frith C, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Effect of symptoms on executive function in bipolar illness. Psychol Med. 2004;34:811–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Butcher LM, Davis OS, Craig IW, Plomin R. Genome-wide quantitative trait locus association scan of general cognitive ability using pooled DNA and 500K single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7:435–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Knöchel C, Stäblein M, Prvulovic D, Ghinea D, Wenzler S, Pantel J, et al. Shared and distinct gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia, schizophrenia relatives and bipolar disorder in association with cognitive impairment. Schizophr Res. 2016;171:140–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Le Hellard S, Håvik B, Espeseth T, Breilid H, Løvlie R, Luciano M, et al. Variants in doublecortin- and calmodulin kinase like 1, a gene up-regulated by BDNF, are associated with memory and general cognitive abilities. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7534. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Rajji TK, Miranda D, Mulsant BH. Cognition, function, and disability in patients with schizophrenia: a review of longitudinal studies. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59:13–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Dickinson T, Becerra R, Coombes J. Executive functioning deficits among adults with bipolar disorder (types I and II): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;218:407–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

51.

McCloskey G, Perkins LA, Van Diviner B. Executive function development and related issues. In: Assessment and intervention for executive function difficulties. New York: Taylor & Francis Group; 2008. pp. 65–89.

52.

Goldstein S, Naglieri JA, Princiotta D, Otero TM. Introduction: a history of executive functioning as a theoretical and clinical construct. In: Goldstein S, Naglieri J, editors. Handbook of executive functioning. New York: Springer; 2014. pp. 3–12.

53.

Yang T, Zhao G, Mao R, Huang J, Xu X, Su Y, et al. The association of duration and severity of disease with executive function: differences between drug-naïve patients with bipolar and unipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:412–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

54.

Van der Gucht E, Morriss R, Lancaster G, Kinderman P, Bentall RP. Psychological processes in bipolar affective disorder: negative cognitive style and reward processing. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194:146–51. [DOI] [PubMed]

55.

Knowles R, Tai S, Jones SH, Highfield J, Morriss R, Bentall RP. Stability of self-esteem in bipolar disorder: comparisons among remitted bipolar patients, remitted unipolar patients and healthy controls. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:490–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

56.

Thomas J, Knowles R, Tai S, Bentall RP. Response styles to depressed mood in bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;100:249–52. [DOI] [PubMed]

57.

Scott J, Pope M. Cognitive styles in individuals with bipolar disorders. Psychol Med. 2003;33:1081–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

58.

Johnson SL, Sandrow D, Meyer B, Winters R, Miller I, Solomon D, et al. Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109:721–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

Mazza M, Harnic D, Catalano V, Di Nicola M, Bruschi A, Bria P, et al. Sexual behavior in women with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;131:364–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

60.

Adelson S. Psychodynamics of hypersexuality in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry. 2010;38:27–45. [DOI] [PubMed]

61.

Bakare MO, Agomoh AO, Ebigbo PO, Onyeama GM, Eaton J, Onwukwe JU, et al. Co-morbid disorders and sexual risk behavior in Nigerian adolescents with bipolar disorder. Int Arch Med. 2009;2:16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

62.

Dell’Osso L, Carmassi C, Carlini M, Rucci P, Torri P, Cesari D, et al. Sexual dysfunctions and suicidality in patients with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. J Sex Med. 2009;6:3063–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

63.

Young JW, Minassian A, Paulus MP, Geyer MA, Perry W. A reverse-translational approach to bipolar disorder: rodent and human studies in the Behavioral Pattern Monitor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31:882–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

64.

Post RM, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes TM, et al. Morbidity in 258 bipolar outpatients followed for 1 year with daily prospective ratings on the NIMH life chart method. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:680–90. [DOI] [PubMed]

65.

Calam R, Jones S, Sanders MR, Dempsey R, Sadhnani V. Parenting and the emotional and behavioural adjustment of young children in families with a parent with bipolar disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2012;40:425–37. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Neeren AM, Alloy LB, Abramson LY. History of parenting and bipolar spectrum disorders. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2008;27:1021–44. [DOI]

67.

Fulford D, Peckham AD, Johnson K, Johnson SL. Emotion perception and quality of life in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord. 2014;152–154:491–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

68.

Van Rheenen TE, Rossell SL. Objective and subjective psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder: an investigation of the relative importance of neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation. J Affect Disord. 2014;162:134–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

69.

Townsend J, Altshuler LL. Emotion processing and regulation in bipolar disorder: a review. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:326–39. [DOI] [PubMed]

70.

McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Kaneria R, Keck PE Jr. Antidepressants and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:596–617. [DOI] [PubMed]

71.

Yurgelun-Todd DA, Gruber SA, Kanayama G, Killgore WD, Baird AA, Young AD. fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2:237–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

72.

Niedenthal PM, Halberstadt JB, Margolin J, Innes‐Ker ÅH. Emotional state and the detection of change in facial expression of emotion. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2000;30:211–22. [DOI]

73.

Lembke A, Ketter TA. Impaired recognition of facial emotion in mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:302–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

74.

Gruber J, Harvey AG, Johnson SL. Reflective and ruminative processing of positive emotional memories in bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47:697–704. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Gruber J, Dutra S, Eidelman P, Johnson SL, Harvey AG. Emotional and physiological responses to normative and idiographic positive stimuli in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;133:437–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Gruber J, Harvey AG, Gross JJ. When trying is not enough: emotion regulation and the effort-success gap in bipolar disorder. Emotion. 2012;12:997–1003. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Muhtadie L, Johnson SL, Carver CS, Gotlib IH, Ketter TA. A profile approach to impulsivity in bipolar disorder: the key role of strong emotions. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129:100–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Chang KD, Blasey CM, Ketter TA, Steiner H. Temperament characteristics of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. J Affect Disord. 2003;77:11–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

79.

Gilbert KE, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Gruber J. Positive emotion dysregulation across mood disorders: How amplifying versus dampening predicts emotional reactivity and illness course. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51:736–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

80.

Green MJ, Lino BJ, Hwang EJ, Sparks A, James C, Mitchell PB. Cognitive regulation of emotion in bipolar I disorder and unaffected biological relatives. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;124:307–16. [DOI] [PubMed]

81.

Johnson SL, Carver CS. Emotion-relevant impulsivity predicts sustained anger and aggression after remission in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord. 2016;189:169–75. [DOI] [PubMed]

82.

Pessoa L. How do emotion and motivation direct executive control? Trends Cogn Sci. 2009;13:160–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

83.

von Hippel W, Gonsalkorale K. “That is bloody revolting!” Inhibitory control of thoughts better left unsaid. Psychol Sci. 2005;16:497–500. [DOI] [PubMed]

84.

Hendricks MA, Buchanan TW. Individual differences in cognitive control processes and their relationship to emotion regulation. Cogn Emot. 2016;30:912–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

85.

Malooly AM, Genet JJ, Siemer M. Individual differences in reappraisal effectiveness: the role of affective flexibility. Emotion. 2013;13:302–13. [DOI] [PubMed]

86.

Joormann J, Vanderlind WM. Emotion regulation in depression: the role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2:402–21. [DOI]

87.

Kraepelin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone; 1921.

88.

Qiu F, Akiskal HS, Kelsoe JR, Greenwood TA. Factor analysis of temperament and personality traits in bipolar patients: correlates with comorbidity and disorder severity. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:282–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

89.

Sparding T, Pålsson E, Joas E, Hansen S, Landén M. Personality traits in bipolar disorder and influence on outcome. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17:159. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Hajirezaei S, Mohammadi A, Soleimani M, Rahiminezhad F, Mohammadi MR, Cloninger CR. Comparing the profile of temperament and character dimensions in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder with a control group. Iran J Psychiatry. 2017;12:147–53. [PubMed] [PMC]

91.

Meyer B, Johnson SL, Winters R. Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23:133–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

92.

Aguilar DD, Giuffrida A, Lodge DJ. Adolescent synthetic cannabinoid exposure produces enduring changes in dopamine neuron activity in a rodent model of schizophrenia susceptibility. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;21:393–403. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

93.

Pickering AD, Smillie LD. The behavioural activation system: challenges and opportunities. In: Corr PJ, editor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. pp. 120–54.

94.

Christensen MV, Kessing LV. Do personality traits predict first onset in depressive and bipolar disorder? Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60:79–88. [DOI] [PubMed]

95.

Barnett JH, Huang J, Perlis RH, Young MM, Rosenbaum JF, Nierenberg AA, et al. Personality and bipolar disorder: dissecting state and trait associations between mood and personality. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1593–604. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

96.

Judd LL, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord. 2003;73:123–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Hoertel N, de Maricourt P, Gorwood P. Novel routes to bipolar disorder drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2013;8:907–18. [DOI] [PubMed]

98.

Van Dijk S, Jeffrey J, Katz MR. A randomized, controlled, pilot study of dialectical behavior therapy skills in a psychoeducational group for individuals with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;145:386–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Gitlin M. Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:227–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

100.

Zaretsky AE, Rizvi S, Parikh SV. How well do psychosocial interventions work in bipolar disorder? Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52:14–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

101.

Scott J. Cognitive therapy as an adjunct to medication in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:S164–8. [PubMed]

102.

Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk IJ, Sawyer AT, Fang A. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cognit Ther Res. 2012;36:427–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

103.

Nielssen O, Staples L, Karin E, Kayrouz R, Dear B, Titov N. Effectiveness of internet delivered cognitive behaviour therapy provided as routine care for people in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder treated with lithium. PLOS Digit Health. 2023;2:e0000194. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

104.

Henken HT, Kupka RW, Draisma S, Lobbestael J, van den Berg K, Demacker SMA, et al. A cognitive behavioural group therapy for bipolar disorder using daily mood monitoring. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2020;48:515–29. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Weinstein SM, Henry DB, Katz AC, Peters AT, West AE. Treatment moderators of child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:116–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

106.

Steinan MK, Krane-Gartiser K, Langsrud K, Sand T, Kallestad H, Morken G. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in euthymic bipolar disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

107.

West AE, Weinstein SM, Peters AT, Katz AC, Henry DB, Cruz RA, et al. Child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53:1168–78.e1. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

108.

Costa RT, Cheniaux E, Rangé BP, Versiani M, Nardi AE. Group cognitive behavior therapy for bipolar disorder can improve the quality of life. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45:862–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

109.

González-Isasi A, Echeburúa E, Limiñana JM, González-Pinto A. Predictors of good outcome in patients with refractory bipolar disorder after a drug or a drug and cognitive-behavioral treatment. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:224–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

110.

Parikh SV, Scott J. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for bipolar disorder. In: Yatham LN, Maj M, editors. Bipolar disorder: clinical and neurobiological foundations. WILEY-BLACKWELL; 2010. pp. 422–9.

111.

Gomes BC, Abreu LN, Brietzke E, Caetano SC, Kleinman A, Nery FG, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral group therapy for bipolar disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2011;80:144–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

112.

da Costa RT, Rangé BP, Malagris LE, Sardinha A, de Carvalho MR, Nardi AE. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10:1089–99. [DOI] [PubMed]

113.

West AE, Jacobs RH, Westerholm R, Lee A, Carbray J, Heidenreich J, et al. Child and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: pilot study of group treatment format. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18:239–46. [PubMed] [PMC]

114.

Zaretsky A, Lancee W, Miller C, Harris A, Parikh SV. Is cognitive-behavioural therapy more effective than psychoeducation in bipolar disorder? Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53:441–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

115.

Reilly-Harrington NA, Deckersbach T, Knauz R, Wu Y, Tran T, Eidelman P, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13:291–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

116.

Scott J, Paykel E, Morriss R, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Johnson T, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:313–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

117.

Feeny NC, Danielson CK, Schwartz L, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar disorders in adolescents: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:508–15. [DOI] [PubMed]

118.

Pavuluri MN, Graczyk PA, Henry DB, Carbray JA, Heidenreich J, Miklowitz DJ. Child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: development and preliminary results. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:528–37. [DOI] [PubMed]

119.

Patelis-Siotis I, Young LT, Robb JC, Marriott M, Bieling PJ, Cox LC, et al. Group cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility and effectiveness study. J Affect Disord. 2001;65:145–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

120.

McMahon K, Herr NR, Zerubavel N, Hoertel N, Neacsiu AD. Psychotherapeutic treatment of bipolar depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016;39:35–56. [DOI] [PubMed]

121.

Swartz HA, Frank E, Frankel DR, Novick D, Houck P. Psychotherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of bipolar II depression: a proof of concept study. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:89–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

122.

Steardo L Jr, Luciano M, Sampogna G, Zinno F, Saviano P, Staltari F, et al. Efficacy of the interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) in patients with bipolar disorder: results from a real-world, controlled trial. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2020;19:15. Erratum in: Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2020;19:28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

123.

Frank E, Swartz HA, Kupfer DJ. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: managing the chaos of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:593–604. [DOI] [PubMed]

124.

Bouwkamp CG, de Kruiff ME, van Troost TM, Snippe D, Blom MJ, de Winter RF, et al. Interpersonal and social rhythm group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder. Int J Group Psychother. 2013;63:97–115. [DOI] [PubMed]

125.

Hlastala SA, Kotler JS, McClellan JM, McCauley EA. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: treatment development and results from an open trial. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:457–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

126.

Frank E, Soreca I, Swartz HA, Fagiolini AM, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, et al. The role of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy in improving occupational functioning in patients with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:1559–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

127.

Orhan M, Korten N, Mans N, van Schaik D, Kupka R, Stek M, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of group interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for recurrent mood disorders: a pilot study. Am J Psychother. 2023;[Epub ahead of print]. [DOI] [PubMed]

128.

Linehan MM, Heard HL, Armstrong HE. Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:971–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

129.

McKay M, Wood JC, Brantley J. The dialectical behavior therapy skills workbook: practical DBT exercises for learning mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. New Harbinger Publications; 2007.

130.

Goldstein TR, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Brent DA. Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: a 1-year open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:820–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

131.

Samadi F, Bahrinian S, Razjoyan K, Shahabizadeh F. The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on aggression, self-criticism and self-injurious behaviors of aged 12-18 year with bipolar disorder. RRJ. 2023;12:55–66. Persian.

132.

Afshari B, Omidi A, Ahmadvand A. Effects of dialectical behavior therapy on executive functions, emotion regulation, and mindfulness in bipolar disorder. J Contemp Psychother. 2019;50:123–31. [DOI]

133.

Eisner L, Eddie D, Harley R, Jacobo M, Nierenberg AA, Deckersbach T. Dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for bipolar disorder. Behav Ther. 2017;48:557–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

134.

Miklowitz DJ. Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: state of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:1408–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

135.

Miklowitz DJ, George EL, Richards JA, Simoneau TL, Suddath RL. A randomized study of family-focused psychoeducation and pharmacotherapy in the outpatient management of bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:904–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

136.

Tabas MY, Momeni F, Bakhshani NM, Pourshahbaz A, Rezaei O. Effectiveness of family-focused therapy in bipolar patients in Zahedan city, Iran: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2023;[Epub ahead of print]. [DOI]

137.

Fredman SJ, Baucom DH, Boeding SE, Miklowitz DJ. Relatives’ emotional involvement moderates the effects of family therapy for bipolar disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015;83:81–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

138.

Miklowitz DJ, Chung B. Family-focused therapy for bipolar disorder: reflections on 30 years of research. Fam Process. 2016;55:483–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

139.

Solomon DA, Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Kelley J, Miller IW. Preventing recurrence of bipolar I mood episodes and hospitalizations: family psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:798–805. [DOI] [PubMed]

140.

Miller KB. Family-focused therapy program for bipolar disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:2668.

141.

Reinares M, Vieta E, Colom F, Martínez-Arán A, Torrent C, Comes M, et al. Impact of a psychoeducational family intervention on caregivers of stabilized bipolar patients. Psychother Psychosom. 2004;73:312–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

142.

Weisman A, Tompson MC, Okazaki S, Gregory J, Goldstein MJ, Rea M, et al. Clinicians’ fidelity to a manual-based family treatment as a predictor of the one-year course of bipolar disorder. Fam Process. 2002;41:123–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

143.

Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. The Guilford Press; 2013.

144.

Williams JM, Alatiq Y, Crane C, Barnhofer T, Fennell MJ, Duggan DS, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in bipolar disorder: preliminary evaluation of immediate effects on between-episode functioning. J Affect Disord. 2008;107:275–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

145.

Deckersbach T, Hölzel BK, Eisner LR, Stange JP, Peckham AD, Dougherty DD, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for nonremitted patients with bipolar disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18:133–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

146.

Miklowitz DJ, Alatiq Y, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR, Fennell MJV, Dimidjian S, et al. A pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. Int J Cogn Ther. 2009;2:373–82. [DOI]

147.

Perich T, Manicavasagar V, Mitchell PB, Ball JR, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:333–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

148.

Deckersbach T, Hansen N, Holzel B. Chapter 4 - Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. In: Baer RA, editor. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches. San Diego: Academic Press; 2014. pp. 77–94.

149.

Lovas DA, Schuman-Olivier Z. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;240:247–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

150.

Hanssen I, Scheepbouwer V, Huijbers M, Regeer E, Lochmann van Bennekom M, Kupka R, et al. Adverse or therapeutic? A mixed-methods study investigating adverse effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in bipolar disorder. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0259167. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

151.

Weber B, Sala L, Gex-Fabry M, Docteur A, Gorwood P, Cordera P, et al. Self-reported long-term benefits of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with bipolar disorder. J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23:534–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

152.

Miklowitz DJ, Semple RJ, Hauser M, Elkun D, Weintraub MJ, Dimidjian S. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for perinatal women with depression or bipolar spectrum disorder. Cognit Ther Res. 2015;39:590–600. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

153.

Lahera G, Bayón C, Fe Bravo-Ortiz M, Rodríguez-Vega B, Barbeito S, Sáenz M, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus psychoeducational intervention in bipolar outpatients with sub-threshold depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:215. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

154.

Howells FM, Ives-Deliperi VL, Horn NR, Stein DJ. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy improves frontal control in bipolar disorder: a pilot EEG study. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

155.

Stange JP, Eisner LR, Hölzel BK, Peckham AD, Dougherty DD, Rauch SL, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: effects on cognitive functioning. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:410–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

156.

Weber B, Jermann F, Gex-Fabry M, Nallet A, Bondolfi G, Aubry JM. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility trial. Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25:334–7. [DOI] [PubMed]