Table Info

Table 2.

Studies interlink the antioxidants and neuro-gliopathies in the gut and brain in diabesity

Antioxidants and related substances	Cases	Action	Functional role	References
Probiotics (Lactobacillus salivarius AP-32 probiotics)	6-Hydroxydopamin-induces Parkinson’s diseases	Parkinson’s disease associated with gut dysbiosis	The supplementation of L. salivarius AP-32 enhanced directly or indirectly the host enzyme activity	[48]
GSH	Colitis	Prevents enteric neuron death	Heterogeneous role of GSH in myenteric plexus of ENS and during GI inflammation	[49]
Polyphenols	Brain-neuromodulation	Gut microbiota composition is altered by the ingestion of natural bioactive molecules such as polyphenols	The idea strength that maintaining a healthy microbiome by modulating the bioactive molecules in diet is essential for a healthy brain	[50]
Bioactive peptides	Gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases	Dysbacteriosis of gut microbiota observed in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases	The bioactive compounds modulate the gut microbiota as a novel strategy to control and reduce neurodegenerative diseases	[51]
Luteolin (flavonoids)	Alzheimer’s disease	Brain glucose regulation, anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota liver-brain axis	The study shows that the intake of luteolin enhances the brain’s insulin resistance and neuroinflammation	[52]
Flavonoids	Diet-induced obesity associated with low-grade gut inflammation	Gut microbiota changes and intestinal inflammation in obesity	The flavonoids showed a protective effect against obesity associated with low-grade gut inflammation	[53]
Flavonoids	Inflammatory bowel diseases	Flavonoids protect against IBD by modulating enter-hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin	Flavonoids showed a protective role against IBD	[54]
Anthocyanin	Neurodegenerative diseases	The neurodegenerative diseases through the microbial intestinal-brain axis	The study suggested that the microbial-intestinal-brain axis would be a novel mechanism by the protective effect of anthocyanin in neurodegenerative diseases	[55]
Ferulic acid (FA)	Neurodegenerative diseases	FA esterases are the critical enzymes of the gut microbiota that facilitate the release of FA from feruloylated sugar ester conjugates and influence systematic health	FA and other antioxidants help to combat the neurodegenerative processes	[56]
Flavonoids	Neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases	Bridging the gut and brain	Neuroprotective and neuroinflammation effect of flavonoids on Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and pain	[57]
Curcumin	Parkinson’s disease	Reduces the free radical oxygen production by the total fraction of NADPH-containing associates	Membrane stabilizing and protective effect	[58]

IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen

Declarations

Author contributions

LS and DS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. LS: Supervision. Both authors wrote, read, approved the study for publication, and provided their critical feedback and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All datasets for this study are included in the manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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