Table Info

Table 3.

Antioxidants in suppressing the OS and neuro-gliopathies

Antioxidants	Case	Action	Functional role	References
Carotenoids	Neurodegenerative diseases for instance Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and Alzheimer’s disease	Suppresses the oxidative damages	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidants	[59]
Curcumin	Alzheimer’s disease therapy	Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) treated human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells	Amyloid-disaggregating properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	[60]
Curcumin	Dementia therapy	Increased the Aβ-degrading enzymes	Neuroprotective, suppresses TNF, formation of Aβ plaque, and also protects the brain cells from noxious agents	[61]
Fatty acids (DHA)	Enhances non-amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing	It modulates membrane fluidity and reduces the OS	The increased membrane fluidity and non-amyloidogenic processing of APP enhanced the secretion of sAAPα in Alzheimer’s disease HEK293 cells. This increased secretion of sAAPα protects against apoptosis	[62]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Extracted from Camelia sinensis	Reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and age-related dementia	Stabilizes the mitochondrial function such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	It regulates the p-glycoprotein. It also shows antiapoptotic and antioxidative activities that directly inhibit Aβ plaque formation	[61]
Thioflavones	Neuroprotective agents	Reduces OS	It activates the anti-apoptotic cell survival proteins of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathway in neuroblastoma cell lines	[63]
Ginsenosides (GRg1 and GRg3, extracted from Ginseng)	Neuroprotective effect in Alzheimer’s diseases	Suppresses the Aβ associated neurotoxicity as linked with ROS	Ginsenosides regulate acetylcholine receptor channels, as these channels are linked with learning and memory. GRg1 significantly suppresses the Aβ associated neurotoxicity. GRg3 significantly reduces the amyloid-β40 and amyloid β42 level in the treatment of the brain of the transgenic mice. GRg3 also protects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity	[61]
Quercetin (flavonoids)	Oxidative stress and apoptosis	Reduces inflammatory parameters and OS	Supplementation of quercetin decreases the neuronal damage, scavenges the free radicals by PCB, and prevents PCB-induced PCB and OS in rat brains	[64]
Retinoic acid (RA)	Proteosome inhibition in neurodegenerative diseases	Cell death in SH-SY5Y cells via AKT pathway	RA treatment of cultured neuroblastoma cells under which proteasome inhibition results in the accumulation of ubiquitinated protein loses its ability to kill the cells and thus shows the protective role in neurodegenerative diseases	[65]
Vitamin C	Neurodegenerative diseases	Maintain the cellular integrity and apoptosis in mitochondria	Antioxidants and neuroprotective activities in neuropathic pain	[59]
Vitamin E	Neurodegenerative diseases in neuropathic pain	Maintain the cellular integrity and apoptosis in mitochondria	Antioxidant properties in Alzheimer’s diseases	[59, 66]
Resveratrol/Y27632/NAD⁺/ZVAD-FMK	Synapto-protective role	Kinase/Caspase	Y27632 and NAD⁺ showed a strong synaptoprotective role in the neuronal culture of mice brains, whereas resveratrol and ZVAD-FMK failed to show neuroprotective function	[67]

DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; GRg1: ginsenoside Rg1; NAD⁺: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; AKT: protein kinase B; sAAPα: soluble α-amyloid precursor protein; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; PCB: polychlorinated biphenyls

Declarations

Author contributions

LS and DS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. LS: Supervision. Both authors wrote, read, approved the study for publication, and provided their critical feedback and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All datasets for this study are included in the manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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