Table Info

Table 1.

Evidence of possible enteric glial dysfunction associated with MDD

Source of evidence	Findings
Animal models of environmental adversity	Increased expression of GDNF, TLR-4, inflammatory mediators in enteric glia; Associated reduction in neuronal dendritic spines and mucosal inflammation.
IBS-animal models	Increased overlap between enteric glia and neurons; Reduced S100B positivity; Reductions in neuronal subpopulations.
IBS-human studies	Reduced enteric glial S100B immunoreactivity in IBS with comorbid MDD; Increased P2Y₁₂R expression in enteric glia in women with clopidogrel-induced IBS and associated psychogenic pain.
IBD-animal models	Enteric glial ablation or damage associated with small bowel inflammation; Mice with experimentally induced depression sensitive to colonic inflammation after vagotomy; Reversible with tricyclic antidepressant.
IBD-human studies	Elevated intestinal inflammatory markers associated with depressive symptoms in IBD with prior MDD; Impaired enteric glial functioning in biopsies; Linked to mucosal barrier impairment similar to that seen in MDD.
CIC-animal models	Drug-induced chronic constipation associated with altered protein expression and inflammatory mediator release by enteric glia; Associated with depressive-like behaviors.
CIC-human studies	Reduced numbers of S100B-positive enteric glia; Chromosomal anomalies in enteric glia; Increased proximity between enteric glia and degranulated mast cells.
PD-animal models	Increased glial cell density; Reduced positivity for GFAP and S100B; Increased release of inflammatory mediators; Associated with gut dysmotility, mucosal barrier impairment, and PD symptoms; Glial changes exacerbated by exposure to stress.
PD-human studies	Elevated levels and hypo-phosphorylation of GFAP in enteric glia; Reactive gliosis; Reduced serum GDNF; Associated with constipation is linked to depression in PD.
Effects of VNS	Increased GFAP expression by enteric glia; Associated with mucosal barrier integrity in a mouse model.
MDD	Elevated serum S100B in adult patients with MDD; Reduced S100B in adolescents with MDD and after antidepressant treatment; Reduced serum GFAP in drug-naïve patients with MDD.

Declarations

Author contributions

RPR: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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