Table Info

Table 1.

Surgical series with seizure outcomes in AVM patients undergoing microsurgery, SRS, and EVE since 1992

Author (publication year) study type	Number of patients (percentage of total AVM oclussion)	Number of patients with seizures prior to procedure (percentage)	Number of patients with seizures who were followed	Follow-up (months)	Unruptured/Ruptured AVMs	Clinical outcome
Microsurgery
Nagata et al. [113] (2006) retrospective cohort	26 (100%)	11 (42%)	11	NA	4/7	Ruptured AVMs: good seizure control Unruptured AVMs: 50% of recurrent psychomotor seizures after the total AVMs excision De novo seizure: 9%
Piepgras et al. [114] (1993) retrospective cohort	280 (NA)	117 (42%)	110	90	NA/NA	Seizure-free: 83% (48% without ASM); improved: 13%; same: 2%; worse: 2% De novo seizures: 6%
Thorpe et al. [48] (2000) retrospective cohort	114 (100%)	53 (46%)	53	48	NA/NA	Post-AVM surgery seizures: 21% (< 50% of the preoperative rate) De novo seizures: 6.3% (> 12 months post-AVM)
Yeh et al. [65] (1993) retrospective cohort	54 (100%)	54 (100%)	54	57.6	54/0	Excellent postoperative seizure control: 70.4%; good: 18.5%; fair: 9.3%; poor: 1.9% Two patients required a second operation to remove a remote seizure focus De novo epilepsy: none
Englot et al. [86] (2012) prospective cohort	440 (NA)	130 (30%)	117	20.7	NA	Engel class I: 96% Engel class II–IV: 4% De novo seizures: 3%
Eliava et al. [97] (2021) retrospective cohort	160 (NA)	99 (61.9)	59	59.3	99/0	Engel class I: 84.8% Engel class IIA: 3.4% Engel class IIIA: 6.8% Engel class IV: 5.8% De novo epilepsy: none
Ferlisi et al. [98] (2016) retrospective cohort	110 (NA)	60 (55%)	40	132	NA/NA	Engel class I: 77 % (IA: 47%, IB: 0, IC: 22%, ID: 7%) Engel class II: 7% Engel class III: 0 Engel class IV: 15% De novo seizures: 56% (43% few seizures and became seizure-free at long follow-up, 13% postoperative epilepsy)
von der Brelie et al. [99] (2015) retrospective cohort	293 (99%)	126 (43%)	103	147	77/26	DRE: ILAE I: 58.3% (ILAE IA: 45.8%) Chronic epilepsy: 80.5% (ILAE IA: 70.3%) of ILAE I Sporadic seizures: 85.7% (ILAE IA: 69.1%) of ILAE I De novo epilepsy: none
Lopez-Ojeda et al. [100] (2013) retrospective cohort	29 (93%)	12 (41.3%)	12	28.4	0/12	Engel class I: 75% Engel class III: 8.3% Engel class IV: 16.6% De novo seizures: 11.8%
SRS
Andrade-Souza et al. [115] (2006) retrospective cohort	38 (60.5%)	27 (71%)	27	42.4	NA/NA	Engel I: 92.6% Engel II: (3.7%) 83% seizure-free in patients with AVMs smaller than 3 cm³ De novo seizures: 2.6%
Eisenschenk et al. [116] (1998) retrospective cohort	100 (64%)	33 (33%)	32	26	NA/NA	Seizure-free: 59% Marked reduction of seizure frequency: 19% Seizure remission was most frequent for AVMs of the centrum (83.3%) De novo seizures: NA
Falkson et al. [117] (1997) retrospective cohort	101 (NA)	24 (24%)	16	60	NA/NA	Seizure-free: 63% Improved seizure frequency: 94% De novo seizures: NA
Gerszten et al. [118] (1996) retrospective cohort	72 (NA)	15 (21%)	13	47	7/8	Seizure-free and off anticonvulsant therapy: 85% Significant improvement but continue medication: 3% De novo seizures: 3%
Kida et al. [119] (2000) retrospective cohort	462 (NA)	79 (17%)	79	24	58/21	Seizures improved in 85.5%, modified in 11.6% and deteriorated in 2.9% Good seizure control: 94.7% of completely obliterated and 77.1% of incompletely obliterated AVMs De novo seizures: NA
Kurita et al. [120] (1998) retrospective cohort	315 (NA)	35 (11%)	35	43	35/0	Seizure free: 80% De novo seizures: 4.5%
Lim et al. [121] (2006) retrospective cohort	246 (NA)	45 (18%)	43	46	43/0	Seizure-free: 53.5%; significant improvement: 23.3%; unchanged: 18.6%; aggravated: 4.6% Complete obliteration in 49% De novo seizures: NA
Nataf et al. [122] (2003) retrospective cohort	57 (61.2%)	6 (11%)	5	40	5/0	Seizure-free without medication: 80% De novo seizures: NA
Silander et al. [123] (2004) retrospective cohort	26 (NA)	9 (35%)	9	41	NA/NA	Seizure-free: 78% De novo seizures: none
Steiner et al. [124] (1992) retrospective cohort	247 (NA)	59 (24%)	59	24	NA/NA	Seizure-free without anticonvulsant medication: 18.6% Seizure-free with anticonvulsant medication: 50.8% De novo seizures: 5.8%
Sutcliffe et al. [125] (1992) retrospective cohort	160 (76%)	48 (30%)	48	24	NA/NA	Improved epilepsy: 60.4% (worsened transiently in only three of these) De novo seizures: NA
Zeiler et al. [126] (2011) retrospective cohort	69 (87.8%)	24 (35%)	20	36	20/0	Seizures-free: 95% (55% still on ASM) De novo seizures: 5.7%
Bowden et al. [102] (2014) retrospective cohort	87 (50%)	36 (41%)	36	64	NA/NA	Engel class I: 53% De novo seizures: none
Mooney et al. [103] (2022) retrospective cohort	210 (NA)	35 (17%)	35	43	33/2	Seizure free: 46.7% De novo seizures: 18%
Ditty et al. [104] (2017) retrospective cohort	204 (NA)	78 (38.2%)	78	37.2	69/9	Engel class I: 80.8% Engel class II–IV: 19.2% De novo seizures: 3%
Schauble et al. [105] (2004) retrospective cohort	285 (NA)	65 (38.2%)	65	48	55/10	Seizure outcome after the first year: Engel ≤ 4: 73.9%; Engel ≥ 5: 26.1% Seizure outcome after the third year: Engel ≤ 4: 78.4%; Engel ≥ 5: 21.6% De novo seizures: NA
Przybylowski et al. [106] (2015) retrospective cohort	79 (58%)	76 (96%)	76	78.2	60/13	Engel class IA or IB: 65 patients Engel class II–IV: 8 patients De novo seizures: 7.6%
Yang et al. [107] (2012) retrospective cohort	86 (70%)	86 (53.4%)	86	89.8	86/0	Seizure-free, off antiepileptic drug: 58.1% De novo seizures: 13.3%
Ding et al. [109] (2015) retrospective study	229 (58%)	229 (100%)	229	65–95	208/21	Seizure improvement: 37.6%; remission: 20%; unchanged: 37.6%; worse: 4.8% De novo seizures: 1.7%
Niranjan et al. [110] (2018) retrospective cohort	155 (78%)	155 (100%)	155	86	125/30	Seizure-free status: 70%; improved: 15%; worsened: 2% De novo seizures: NA
Ding et al. [111] (2015) control-case cohort	175 (63%)	66	66	73	97/78	Seizure control: 62 % De novo seizures: 2%
EVE
De Los Reyes et al. [127] (2011) retrospective cohort	20 (NA)	10 (50%)	10	2.8	NA/NA	Seizure-free status: 50% De novo seizures: 20%
Le Feuvre and Taylor [128] (2007) retrospective cohort	46 (NA)	16 (35%)	16	39	NA/NA	Improved seizures: 56% De novo seizures: none
Khumtong et al. [112] (2022) retrospective cohort	372 (NA)	105 (28%)	86 (83 followed EVE)	24	75/30	2-year seizure-free outcome: 76.2% De novo seizures: NA
Zhang et al. [71] (2019) retrospective cohort	239 (NA)	68 (29%)	37	37	32/5	Engel class I: 51.4% De novo seizures: 0.6%
Lv et al. [94] (2010) retrospective cohort	109 (NA)	30 (27.5%)	30	80	30/0	Excellent seizure control: 70%; good:13%; fair: 7%; poor: 10% De novo seizures: none
Microsurgery/RSR/EVE
Hoh et al. [14] (2002) retrospective cohort	424 (NA)	141 (NA; 33%)	110 (67/37/6)	35	73/37	Engel class I: 66% Engel class II: 10% Engel class III: 0.9% Engel class IV: 20% De novo seizures: NA
Hyun et al. [101] (2012) retrospective cohort	399 (NA)	86 (32/50/4; 22%)	86 (32/50/4)	72	NA/NA	Engel class I: 78% De novo seizures: 2.8%
Wang et al. [108] (2013) retrospective cohort	164 (NA)	49 (NA; 30%)	49 (NA)	38	41/8	No postreatment seizure: 39.6% (58.8% after surgery, 26.7% after SRS) De novo seizures: 19%

NA: non-available information; ILAE I: free of disabling seizures (A: completely seizure free since surgery; B: non-disabling simple partial seizures only since surgery; C: some disabling seizures after surgery, but free of disabling seizures for at least 2 years; D: generalized convulsions with ASM discontinuation only)

Declarations

Author contributions

JCV: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. UTV, FdJGM, EMM, MGO, and AFVR: Investigation, Writing—original draft. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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