Table Info

Table 4.

Status and rationale of ongoing AD clinical trials

Invested agent name	Target and rationale	Status on clinical trial (phase, start date–end date in year)	AD stage	Clinical trial identifier (NCT number)
ANAVAX 2-73 (Blarcamesine)	Sigma 1 receptor agonist, modulating muscarinic receptors to decrease the APP synthesis, restoring homeostasis	Phase 2/3 (2019–2024 July)	Early	04314934
ALZ-801 (a prodrug version of Alzhemed)	Binding to soluble Aβ fragments, inhibiting Aβ aggregation	Phase 2 (2020–2024) Two phase 3 trials (2021–2024, 2024–2026)	MCI-moderate Early AD with the APOE4 carriers, or APOE4/4 genotype	04693520 04770220 06304883
Aducanumab	Human anti Aβ monoclonal Ab targeting the clearance of Aβ plaques	Phase 3 (2020–2025)	Mild	04241068
Donanemab	Human anti Aβ monoclonal Ab targeting the clearance of Aβp3-42 plaques	Phase 3 (2021–2027) Phase 3 (2020–2025, 2023–2025, 2022–2027)	Preclinical Early	05026866 04437511 05738486 05508789
Lecanemab (BAN2401)	Human anti Aβ monoclonal Ab targeting the clearance of soluble Aβ aggregates	Phase 2–3 (2012–2027)	Preclinical/Early	01767311 03887455 04468659
Lecanemab (BAN2401)		Phase 2–3 (2012–2027)	Mild or cognitive normal EOAD	05269394 01760005
AL002	Halting intracellular tau accumulation via TREM-2 dependent microglia activation	Phase 2 (2021–2024 September, 2023–2025)	Early AD	04592874 05744401
JNJ-63733657	Human IgG1 monoclonal Ab recognizes the microtubule binding region of phosphorylated tau (p217+), interferes with spread of pathogenic tau	Phase 2 (2021–2025)	Early AD	04619420
UCB0107 Bepranemab	Human IgG4 monoclonal Ab recognizing the mid-region of tau (aa. 235-250), near the microtubule-binding domain, interferes with the spread of tau, more potent than N-terminally targeted antibodies	Phase 2 (2021–2025)	Mild or prodromal	04867616
Lecanemab with and w/o E2814	Anti-Ab and Tau antibody therapy to reduce the burden of both	Phase 2–3 (2021–2027)	Cognitively normal or MCI, with dominantly inherited genetically AD mutation	05269395

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: amyloid-beta; APP: Aβ precursor protein; MCI: mild cognitive; EOAD: early-onset AD; TREM-2: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Lisa Glickstein (Regis College, Weston, MA) for editing the manuscript.

Author contributions

DX: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. CZ: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work is supported by a Sabbatical Grant (2023) from Regis College, Weston, USA 02493, and a grant from the Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing [CX23YZ03]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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