Table Info

Table 1.

Evidence base and FDA approval for novel treatments of depression

Treatment modalities	Major depressive disorder	Treatment-resistant depression	Pediatric depression	Geriatric depression	Disadvantages	FDA approval
Intravenous ketamine	+	+	+/-	+/-	Limited availability	No
Esketamine	-	+	-	-	Limited indications	Yes^a
Anti-inflammatory agents	+	-	-	-	Limited evidence base	No
Brexanolone	-	-	-	-	Only approved for PPD, intravenous use only	Yes^c
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy	+/-	+/-	-	-	Regulatory constraints, limited evidence base
Probiotics/prebiotics	+/-	-	-	-	Limited evidence base	No
Anti-inflammatory diet	+/-	-	-	-	Limited evidence base	No
Ketamine-assisted ECT	+	-	-	-	Conflicting evidence of efficacy	No
rTMS	+	+	+/-	+	Limited availability	Yes^a,b
MST	-	+	-	-	Limited availability and indications; poorly defined treatment parameters	No
tDCS	+	-	-	-	Limited availability; poorly defined treatment parameters	No^*
DBS	-	+	-	-	Invasive, poor acceptability, limited indications	No
VNS	-	+	-	-	Invasive, poor acceptability, limited indications	Yes^a

+: Evidence present; -: no evidence; +/-: limited evidence; ^a approved in adult TRD; ^b cleared in adolescent MDD; ^c approved in Postpartum depression (PPD); ^* approved for clinical trials. ECT: electroconvulsive therapy; rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; MST: magnetic seizure therapy; tDCS: transcranial direct current stimulation; DBS: deep brain stimulation; VNS: vagal nerve stimulation

Declarations

Author contributions

AJ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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