Table Info

Table 1.

Primary symptoms, cause, and fundamental treatment strategies of common psychiatric diseases

Psychiatric disorders	Symptoms	Affected brain area	Causes	Treatment
Schizophrenia	Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, avolition, diminished emotional expression, cognitive impairments	Frontal and temporal lobes, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus	Improper secretion of dopamine and serotonin Mutation in DTNBP1, NRG1, COMT, RGS4, GRM3, DISC1, and DAOA genes Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation	Use of clozapine Application of nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Anxiety disorders	Chest pain, palpitations, respiratory difficulty, headache fear, tachycardia, shortness of breath, sweating	Amygdala, hypothalamus, locus coeruleus	Impaired activity of GABAergic neurons Abnormal secretion of cortisol and norepinephrine	Use of escitalopram, venlafaxine, benzodiazepines, and buspirone Cognitive behavioral therapy
Depression	Poor mental health, high suicide risk, decreased quality of life, drug addiction	Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25	Insufficient concentration of norepinephrine and serotonin Abnormal secretion of cortisol Focal ischemia and neuroinflammation	Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (clorgyline and deprenyline) Use of monoamine reuptake inhibitors (imipramine and amitryptiline) Application of flavonoids like antioxidants
Major depressive disorder	Depressed mood, sadness, poor pleasure feeling, insomnia, excessive guilty feeling, hopelessness, problem to concentrate on work, suicidal thinking	Hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebellum	Neuroinflammation Abnormal activities of serotoninergic, and GABAergic neurons	Cognitive-behavioral therapy Use of perazine, clomipramine, and fluoxetine as psychotic drugs

DTNBP1: dystrobrevin binding protein 1; NRG1: neuregulin 1; COMT: catechol-O-methyl transferase; RGS4: regulator of G-protein signaling 4; GRM3: glutamate metabotropic receptor 3; DISC1: disrupted in schizophrenia 1; DAOA: D-amino acid oxidase activator; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid

Declarations

Author contributions

SS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DB: Supervision. The authors have agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

Dr. Blum is the inventor of the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS), USA and foreign patents and KB220 Patented products. The other author declare that there is no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Vigo D, Thornicroft G, Atun R. Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:171–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

Beurel E, Toups M, Nemeroff CB. The Bidirectional Relationship of Depression and Inflammation: Double Trouble. Neuron. 2020;107:234–256. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Haroon E, Raison CL, Miller AH. Psychoneuroimmunology meets neuropsychopharmacology: translational implications of the impact of inflammation on behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:137–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Vahia VN. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55:220–3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Patel SA, Kondratov RV. Clock at the Core of Cancer Development. Biology (Basel). 2021;10:150. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Karatsoreos IN. Links between Circadian Rhythms and Psychiatric Disease. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:162. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Walker WH 2nd, Walton JC, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Yuan N, Chen Y, Xia Y, Dai J, Liu C. Inflammation-related biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders: a cross-disorder assessment of reproducibility and specificity in 43 meta-analyses. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:233. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Boeschoten RE, Braamse AMJ, Beekman ATF, Cuijpers P, Oppen Pv, Dekker J, et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:331–341. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Rossi S, Studer V, Motta C, Polidoro S, Perugini J, Macchiarulo G, et al. Neuroinflammation drives anxiety and depression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2017;89:1338–47. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Matsumoto H, Simmons A, Williams S, Hadjulis M, Pipe R, Murray R, et al. Superior temporal gyrus abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia: similarities and differences with adult-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1299–304. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Gould RA, Mueser KT, Bolton E, Mays V, Goff D. Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: an effect size analysis. Schizophr Res. 2001;48:335–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, Perkins DO, et al.; Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1–56. [PubMed]

14.

Ibanez-Casas I, Portugal ED, Gonzalez N, McKenney KA, Haro JM, Usall J, et al. Deficits in executive and memory processes in delusional disorder: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67341. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Ukai K, Kimura H, Arao M, Aleksic B, Yamauchi A, Ishihara R, et al. Effectiveness of low-dose milnacipran for a patient suffering from pain disorder with delusional disorder (somatic type) in the orofacial region. Psychogeriatrics. 2013;13:99–102. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Straub RE, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia genes - famine to feast. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:81–3. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Khandaker GM, Cousins L, Deakin J, Lennox BR, Yolken R, Jones PB. Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:258–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Goldsmith DR, Rapaport MH, Miller BJ. A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:1696–709. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Angerhofer CR. A biological review of mental illness: an overview of genetics and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, major depression, and addiction. Biology and microbiology graduate students plan B research projects. 2018;5:20.

20.

Réus GZ, Fries GR, Stertz L, Badawy M, Passos IC, Barichello T, et al. The role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience. 2015;300:141–54. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Pfammatter M, Junghan UM, Brenner HD. Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: conclusions from meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:S64–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Comer RJ. Abnormal psychology. 8th ed. New York: Worth Publishers; 2013.

23.

Machado S, Lattari E, Kahn JP. Possible mechanisms linking panic disorder and cardiac syndromes. In: Nardi A, Freire R, editors. Panic disorder. Cham: Springer; 2016. pp. 185–202. [DOI]

24.

Schenberg LC. A neural system approach to the study of the respiratory type panic disorder. In: Nardi AE, Freire RCR, editors. Panic disorder: neurobiological and treatment aspects. Cham: Springer; 2016. pp. 9–76.

25.

Cosci F. Staging of panic disorder: implications for neurobiology and treatment. In: Nardi A, Freire R, editors. Panic disorder. Cham: Springer; 2016. pp. 113–2. [DOI]

26.

Eagleson C, Hayes S, Mathews A, Perman G, Hirsch CR. The power of positive thinking: Pathological worry is reduced by thought replacement in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2016;78:13–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Alomari NA, Bedaiwi SK, Ghasib AM, Kabbarah AJ, Alnefaie SA, Hariri N, et al. Social Anxiety Disorder: Associated Conditions and Therapeutic Approaches. Cureus. 2022;14:e32687. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Eaton WW, Bienvenu OJ, Miloyan B. Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5:678–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Park JE, Ahn H-N, Jung Y-E. Prevention and Treatment of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Focusing on Psychosocial Interventions for Adult Patients. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2016;55:89–96. [DOI]

30.

Schwartz CE, Kunwar PS, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Henin A, Vangel MG, Rauch SL, et al. Behavioral inhibition in childhood predicts smaller hippocampal volume in adolescent offspring of parents with panic disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e605. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

More B. Psychiatric diseases and treatment – a review. DJ IJMR. 2016;1:27–36. [DOI]

32.

Hayes AM, Yasinski C, Grasso D, Ready CB, Alpert E, McCauley T, et al. Constructive and Unproductive Processing of Traumatic Experiences in Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Youth. Behav Ther. 2017;48:166–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

33.

Whitney DG, Shapiro DN, Warschausky SA, Hurvitz EA, Peterson MD. The contribution of neurologic disorders to the national prevalence of depression and anxiety problems among children and adolescents. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;29:81–4.e2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

34.

Labrie V, Brundin L. Harbingers of Mental Disease-Infections Associated With an Increased Risk for Neuropsychiatric Illness in Children. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:237–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Ferrari F, Villa RF. The Neurobiology of Depression: an Integrated Overview from Biological Theories to Clinical Evidence. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54:4847–65. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65:732–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

de Abreu Costa M, D’Alò de Oliveira GS, Tatton-Ramos T, Manfro GG, Salum GA. Anxiety and stress-related disorders and mindfulness-based interventions: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression of multiple outcomes. Mindfulness. 2019;10:996–1005. [DOI]

38.

Ferber SG, Namdar D, Hen-Shoval D, Eger G, Koltai H, Shoval G, et al. The "Entourage Effect": Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18:87–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Hritcu L, Ionita R, Postu PA, Gupta GK, Turkez H, Lima TC, et al. Antidepressant Flavonoids and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:5762172. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Rothschild AJ. Treatment for Major Depression With Psychotic Features (Psychotic Depression). Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2016;14:207–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Petralia MC, Mazzon E, Fagone P, Basile MS, Lenzo V, Quattropani MC, et al. Pathogenic contribution of the Macrophage migration inhibitory factor family to major depressive disorder and emerging tailored therapeutic approaches. J Affect Disord. 2020;263:15–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

42.

Muneer A. Mixed States in Bipolar Disorder: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Chonnam Med J. 2017;53:1–13. [DOI]

43.

Malkoff-Schwartz S, Frank E, Anderson BP, Hlastala SA, Luther JF, Sherrill JT, et al. Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Psychol Med. 2000;30:1005–16. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:497–502. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Young JW, Cope ZA, Romoli B, Schrurs E, Joosen A, Enkhuizen Jv, et al. Mice with reduced DAT levels recreate seasonal-induced switching between states in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:1721–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Cuellar AK, Johnson SL, Winters R. Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:307–39. [DOI]

47.

Xiong J, Chen S, Pang N, Deng X, Yang L, He F, et al. Neurological Diseases With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Role of ASD Risk Genes. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:349. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

48.

Smith RG, Reichenberg A, Kember RL, Buxbaum JD, Schalkwyk LC, Fernandes C, et al. Advanced paternal age is associated with altered DNA methylation at brain-expressed imprinted loci in inbred mice: implications for neuropsychiatric disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:635–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

Morgan CP, Bale TL. Early prenatal stress epigenetically programs dysmasculinization in second-generation offspring via the paternal lineage. J Neurosci. 2011;31:11748–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Singh R, Turner RC, Nguyen L, Motwani K, Swatek M, Lucke-Wold BP. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Autism: Elucidating Shared Mechanisms. Behav Neurol. 2016;2016:8781725. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Shenoy MD, Indla V, Reddy H. Comprehensive Management of Autism: Current Evidence. Indian J Psychol Med. 2017;39:727–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

52.

Thapar A, Cooper M, Jefferies R, Stergiakouli E. What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:260–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

53.

Nazarova VA, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1066988. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

54.

Lewy AJ, Emens JS, Songer JB, Sims N, Laurie AL, Fiala SC, et al. Winter Depression: Integrating mood, circadian rhythms, and the sleep/wake and light/dark cycles into a bio-psycho-social-environmental model. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4:285–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

55.

Lam RW, Levitan RD. Pathophysiology of seasonal affective disorder: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000;25:469–80. [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Bunney WE, Bunney BG. Molecular clock genes in man and lower animals: possible implications for circadian abnormalities in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22:335–45. [DOI] [PubMed]

57.

Desan PH, Oren DA, Malison R, Price LH, Rosenbaum J, Smoller J, et al. Genetic polymorphism at the CLOCK gene locus and major depression. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:418–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

58.

Gupta A, Sharma PK, Garg VK, Singh AK, Mondal SC. Role of serotonin in seasonal affective disorder. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:49–55.

59.

Johansson C, Smedh C, Partonen T, Pekkarinen P, Paunio T, Ekholm J, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and serotonin-related polymorphisms. Neurobiol Dis. 2001;8:351–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

60.

Menon V. Brain networks and cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:309–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

61.

Downar J, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. The Neural Crossroads of Psychiatric Illness: An Emerging Target for Brain Stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2016;20:107–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

62.

Segal A, Parkes L, Aquino K, Kia SM, Wolfers T, Franke B, et al. Regional, circuit and network heterogeneity of brain abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:1613–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

63.

Li Y, Androulakis IP. Light entrainment of the SCN circadian clock and implications for personalized alterations of corticosterone rhythms in shift work and jet lag. Sci Rep. 2021;11:17929. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

64.

Kalsbeek A, Buijs RM. Output pathways of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus: coding circadian time by transmitter selection and specific targeting. Cell Tissue Res. 2002;309:109–18. [DOI] [PubMed]

65.

Hannibal J, Hindersson P, Ostergaard J, Georg B, Heegaard S, Larsen PJ, et al. Melanopsin is expressed in PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells of the human retinohypothalamic tract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:4202–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Schibler U, Gotic I, Saini C, Gos P, Curie T, Emmenegger Y, et al. Clock-Talk: Interactions between Central and Peripheral Circadian Oscillators in Mammals. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2015;80:223–32. [DOI] [PubMed]

67.

Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Brancaccio M. Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19:453–69. [DOI] [PubMed]

68.

Samanta S. Physiological and pharmacological perspectives of melatonin. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2022;128:1346–67. [DOI] [PubMed]

69.

Starnes AN, Jones JR. Inputs and Outputs of the Mammalian Circadian Clock. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:508. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

70.

Ni R, Shu Y, Luo P, Zhou J. Whole-brain mapping of afferent projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the tree shrew. Tissue Cell. 2021;73:101620. [DOI] [PubMed]

71.

Todd WD, Venner A, Anaclet C, Broadhurst RY, Luca RD, Bandaru SS, et al. Suprachiasmatic VIP neurons are required for normal circadian rhythmicity and comprised of molecularly distinct subpopulations. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4410. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

72.

Yuan X, Wei H, Xu W, Wang L, Qu W, Li R, et al. Whole-Brain Monosynaptic Afferent Projections to the Cholecystokinin Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:807. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

73.

Karatsoreos IN, Wang A, Sasanian J, Silver R. A role for androgens in regulating circadian behavior and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Endocrinology. 2007;148:5487–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

74.

Gery S, Virk RK, Chumakov K, Yu A, Koeffler HP. The clock gene Per2 links the circadian system to the estrogen receptor. Oncogene. 2007;26:7916–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

75.

Xiao L, Chang AK, Zang M, Bi H, Li S, Wang M, et al. Induction of the CLOCK gene by E2-ERα signaling promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 2014;9:e95878. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Samanta S. A Profound Relationship between Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction and Cancer Progression: An Approach to Exploration. Crit Rev Oncog. 2021;26:1–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Padilla SL, Perez JG, Ben-Hamo M, Johnson CW, Sanchez REA, Bussi IL, et al. Kisspeptin Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Orchestrate Circadian Rhythms and Metabolism. Curr Biol. 2019;29:592–604.e4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Todd WD, Fenselau H, Wang JL, Zhang R, Machado NL, Venner A, et al. A hypothalamic circuit for the circadian control of aggression. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21:717–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

79.

Deurveilher S, Semba K. Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major arousal-promoting cell groups in rat: implications for the circadian control of behavioural state. Neuroscience. 2005;130:165–83. [DOI] [PubMed]

80.

Luo AH, Aston-Jones G. Circuit projection from suprachiasmatic nucleus to ventral tegmental area: a novel circadian output pathway. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;29:748–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

81.

Legoratti-Sánchez MO, Guevara-Guzmán R, Solano-Flores LP. Electrophysiological evidences of a bidirectional communication between the locus coeruleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res Bull. 1989;23:283–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

82.

Takahashi JS. Molecular components of the circadian clock in mammals. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:6–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

83.

Solt LA, Kojetin DJ, Burris TP. The REV-ERBs and RORs: molecular links between circadian rhythms and lipid homeostasis. Future Med Chem. 2011;3:623–38. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

84.

Samanta S, Ali SA. Impact of circadian clock dysfunction on human health. Explor Neurosci. 2022;1:4–30. [DOI]

85.

Son GH, Chung S, Kim K. The adrenal peripheral clock: glucocorticoid and the circadian timing system. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2011;32:451–65. [DOI] [PubMed]

86.

Dedovic K, Ngiam J. The cortisol awakening response and major depression: examining the evidence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1181–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

87.

Dijk D, Duffy JF, Silva EJ, Shanahan TL, Boivin DB, Czeisler CA. Amplitude reduction and phase shifts of melatonin, cortisol and other circadian rhythms after a gradual advance of sleep and light exposure in humans. PLoS One. 2012;7:e30037. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

88.

LeGates TA, Altimus CM, Wang H, Lee H, Yang S, Zhao H, et al. Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons. Nature. 2012;491:594–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

89.

Hattar S, Kumar M, Park A, Tong P, Tung J, Yau K, et al. Central projections of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse. J Comp Neurol. 2006;497:326–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Pacchierotti C, Iapichino S, Bossini L, Pieraccini F, Castrogiovanni P. Melatonin in psychiatric disorders: a review on the melatonin involvement in psychiatry. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2001;22:18–32. [DOI] [PubMed]

91.

Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, Charrier A, Bellissant E, Jaafari N, et al. Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15:434–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

92.

Lai M, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S. Autism. Lancet. 2014;383:896–910. [DOI] [PubMed]

93.

Bromundt V, Köster M, Georgiev-Kill A, Opwis K, Wirz-Justice A, Stoppe G, et al. Sleep-wake cycles and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198:269–76. [DOI] [PubMed]

94.

Benson KL. Sleep in Schizophrenia: Pathology and Treatment. Sleep Med Clin. 2015;10:49–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

95.

Seney ML, Cahill K, 3rd JFE, Logan RW, Huo Z, Zong W, et al. Diurnal rhythms in gene expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3355. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

96.

Monteleone P, Maj M, Fusco M, Kemali D, Reiter RJ. Depressed nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in drug-free paranoid schizophrenics. Schizophr Res. 1992;7:77–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Afonso P, Figueira ML, Paiva T. Sleep-promoting action of the endogenous melatonin in schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2011;15:311–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

98.

Coulon N, Brailly-Tabard S, Walter M, Tordjman S. Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in individuals with schizophrenia: A critical literature review. J Physiol Paris. 2016;110:439–47. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Zhang R, Lu S, Meng L, Min Z, Tian J, Valenzuela RK, et al. Genetic evidence for the association between the early growth response 3 (EGR3) gene and schizophrenia. PLoS One. 2012;7:e30237. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

100.

Maple AM, Rowe RK, Lifshitz J, Fernandez F, Gallitano AL. Influence of Schizophrenia-Associated Gene Egr3 on Sleep Behavior and Circadian Rhythms in Mice. J Biol Rhythms. 2018;33:662–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

101.

Mansour HA, Talkowski ME, Wood J, Chowdari KV, McClain L, Prasad K, et al. Association study of 21 circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:701–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

102.

Johansson A, Owe-Larsson B, Hetta J, Lundkvist GB. Altered circadian clock gene expression in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2016;174:17–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

103.

Fahrenkrug J, Georg B, Hannibal J, Jørgensen HL. Altered rhythm of adrenal clock genes, StAR and serum corticosterone in VIP receptor 2-deficient mice. J Mol Neurosci. 2012;48:584–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

104.

Vacic V, McCarthy S, Malhotra D, Murray F, Chou H, Peoples A, et al. Duplications of the neuropeptide receptor gene VIPR2 confer significant risk for schizophrenia. Nature. 2011;471:499–503. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

105.

Sack RL. Clinical practice. Jet lag. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:440–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

106.

Flo E, Pallesen S, Magerøy N, Moen BE, Grønli J, Nordhus IH, et al. Shift work disorder in nurses--assessment, prevalence and related health problems. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33981. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

107.

Tapia-Osorio A, Salgado-Delgado R, Angeles-Castellanos M, Escobar C. Disruption of circadian rhythms due to chronic constant light leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2013;252:1–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

108.

Spencer S, Falcon E, Kumar J, Krishnan V, Mukherjee S, Birnbaum SG, et al. Circadian genes Period 1 and Period 2 in the nucleus accumbens regulate anxiety-related behavior. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37:242–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

109.

Karatsoreos IN, Bhagat S, Bloss EB, Morrison JH, McEwen BS. Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:1657–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

110.

Belmaker RH, Agam G. Major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:55–68. [DOI] [PubMed]

111.

Lee HY, Kim MS, Kim O, Lee I, Kim H. Association between shift work and severity of depressive symptoms among female nurses: the Korea Nurses' Health Study. J Nurs Manag. 2016;24:192–200. [DOI] [PubMed]

112.

Lee A, Myung SK, Cho JJ, Jung YJ, Yoon JL, Kim MY. Night Shift Work and Risk of Depression: Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32:1091–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

113.

Booker LA, Sletten TL, Alvaro PK, Barnes M, Collins A, Chai-Coetzer CL, et al. Exploring the associations between shift work disorder, depression, anxiety and sick leave taken amongst nurses. J Sleep Res. 2020;29:e12872. [DOI] [PubMed]

114.

Ohayon MM, Hong S. Prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general population of South Korea. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:30–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

115.

Oenning NSX, Ziegelmann PK, Goulart BNGd, Niedhammer I. Occupational factors associated with major depressive disorder: A Brazilian population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2018;240:48–56. [DOI] [PubMed]

116.

Vadnie CA, McClung CA. Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Mood Disorders: Insights into the Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:1504507. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

117.

Li JZ, Bunney BG, Meng F, Hagenauer MH, Walsh DM, Vawter MP, et al. Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:9950–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

118.

Ben-Hamo M, Larson TA, Duge LS, Sikkema C, Wilkinson CW, Iglesia HOdl, et al. Circadian Forced Desynchrony of the Master Clock Leads to Phenotypic Manifestation of Depression in Rats. eNeuro. 2017;3:ENEURO.0237–16.2016. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

119.

Landgraf D, Long JE, Proulx CD, Barandas R, Malinow R, Welsh DK. Genetic Disruption of Circadian Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Causes Helplessness, Behavioral Despair, and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80:827–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

120.

Bedrosian TA, Galan A, Vaughn CA, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Light at night alters daily patterns of cortisol and clock proteins in female Siberian hamsters. J Neuroendocrinol. 2013;25:590–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

121.

Gibson EM, Wang C, Tjho S, Khattar N, Kriegsfeld LJ. Experimental 'jet lag' inhibits adult neurogenesis and produces long-term cognitive deficits in female hamsters. PLoS One. 2010;5:e15267. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

122.

Bedrosian TA, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Chronic dim light at night provokes reversible depression-like phenotype: possible role for TNF. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:930–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

123.

Walker WH 2nd, Borniger JC, Gaudier-Diaz MM, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Pascoe JL, DeVries AC, et al. Acute exposure to low-level light at night is sufficient to induce neurological changes and depressive-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1080–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

124.

Tchekalarova J, Stoynova T, Ilieva K, Mitreva R, Atanasova M. Agomelatine treatment corrects symptoms of depression and anxiety by restoring the disrupted melatonin circadian rhythms of rats exposed to chronic constant light. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2018;171:1–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

125.

Tchekalarova J, Stoyanova T, Gesheva R, Atanasova M. Agomelatine treatment corrects depressive-like behaviour induced by chronic constant light exposure through modulation of circadian rhythm of corticosterone release. C R Acad Bulgare Sci. 2019;72:539–46.

126.

Germain A, Kupfer DJ. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008;23:571–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

127.

Leproult R, Onderbergen AV, L'hermite-Balériaux M, Cauter EV, Copinschi G. Phase-shifts of 24-h rhythms of hormonal release and body temperature following early evening administration of the melatonin agonist agomelatine in healthy older men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63:298–304. [DOI] [PubMed]

128.

Bodinat Cd, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Mocaër E, Renard P, Muñoz C, Millan MJ. Agomelatine, the first melatonergic antidepressant: discovery, characterization and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9:628–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

129.

Robillard R, Carpenter JS, Feilds K, Hermens DF, White D, Naismith SL, et al. Parallel Changes in Mood and Melatonin Rhythm Following an Adjunctive Multimodal Chronobiological Intervention With Agomelatine in People With Depression: A Proof of Concept Open Label Study. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:624. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

130.

Berger M, Calker Dv, Riemann D. Sleep and manipulations of the sleep-wake rhythm in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2003;108:83–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

131.

Logan RW, McClung CA. Animal models of bipolar mania: The past, present and future. Neuroscience. 2016;321:163–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

132.

Katz G, Knobler HY, Laibel Z, Strauss Z, Durst R. Time zone change and major psychiatric morbidity: the results of a 6-year study in Jerusalem. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43:37–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

133.

Melo MCA, Abreu RLC, Neto VBL, Bruin PFCd, Bruin VMSd. Chronotype and circadian rhythm in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;34:46–58. [DOI] [PubMed]

134.

Bellivier F, Geoffroy P, Etain B, Scott J. Sleep- and circadian rhythm–associated pathways as therapeutic targets in bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2015;19:747–63. [DOI] [PubMed]

135.

Le-Niculescu H, Patel SD, Bhat M, Kuczenski R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, et al. Convergent functional genomics of genome-wide association data for bipolar disorder: comprehensive identification of candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2009;150B:155–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

136.

Roybal K, Theobold D, Graham A, DiNieri JA, Russo SJ, Krishnan V, et al. Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:6406–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

137.

Moon J, Cho C, Son GH, Geum D, Chung S, Kim H, et al. Advanced Circadian Phase in Mania and Delayed Circadian Phase in Mixed Mania and Depression Returned to Normal after Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. EBioMedicine. 2016;11:285–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

138.

Sit DK, McGowan J, Wiltrout C, Diler RS, Dills JJ, Luther J, et al. Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:131–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

139.

Gold AK, Kinrys G. Treating Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Bipolar Disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21:14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

140.

Saxena A, Scaini G, Bavaresco DV, Leite C, Valvassori SS, Carvalho AF, et al. Role of Protein Kinase C in Bipolar Disorder: A Review of the Current Literature. Mol Neuropsychiatry. 2017;3:108–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

141.

Robillard R, Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Ip TKC, Hermens DF, Scott EM, et al. Delayed sleep phase in young people with unipolar or bipolar affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2013;145:260–3. [DOI] [PubMed]

142.

Johnson KP, Zarrinnegar P. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Sleep. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2021;30:195–208. [DOI] [PubMed]

143.

Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJP. A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2005;49:260–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

144.

Buckley AW, Rodriguez AJ, Jennison K, Buckley J, Thurm A, Sato S, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep percentage in children with autism compared with children with developmental delay and typical development. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:1032–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

145.

Lorsung E, Karthikeyan R, Cao R. Biological Timing and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Role for Circadian Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:642745. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

146.

Melke J, Botros HG, Chaste P, Betancur C, Nygren G, Anckarsäter H, et al. Abnormal melatonin synthesis in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13:90–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

147.

Li S, Kirouac GJ. Sources of inputs to the anterior and posterior aspects of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Struct Funct. 2012;217:257–73. [DOI] [PubMed]

148.

Takumi T, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, Nakai N, Bolton PF. Behavioral neuroscience of autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;110:60–76. [DOI] [PubMed]

149.

Wimpory D, Nicholas B, Nash S. Social timing, clock genes and autism: a new hypothesis. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46:352–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

150.

Franken P, Dudley CA, Estill SJ, Barakat M, Thomason R, O'Hara BF, et al. NPAS2 as a transcriptional regulator of non-rapid eye movement sleep: genotype and sex interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:7118–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

151.

Goto M, Mizuno M, Matsumoto A, Yang Z, Jimbo EF, Tabata H, et al. Role of a circadian-relevant gene NR1D1 in brain development: possible involvement in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43945. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

152.

Huang J, Zhong Z, Wang M, Chen X, Tan Y, Zhang S, et al. Circadian modulation of dopamine levels and dopaminergic neuron development contributes to attention deficiency and hyperactive behavior. J Neurosci. 2015;35:2572–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

153.

Dück A, Reis O, Wagner H, Wunsch K, Häßler F, Kölch M, et al. Clock Genes Profiles as Diagnostic Tool in (Childhood) ADHD—A Pilot Study. Brain Sci. 2022;12:1198. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

154.

Schuch JB, Genro JP, Bastos CR, Ghisleni G, Tovo-Rodrigues L. The role of CLOCK gene in psychiatric disorders: Evidence from human and animal research. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2018;177:181–98. [DOI] [PubMed]

155.

Xu X, Breen G, Chen C, Huang Y, Wu Y, Asherson P. Association study between a polymorphism at the 3'-untranslated region of CLOCK gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Funct. 2010;6:48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

156.

Baird AL, Coogan AN, Siddiqui A, Donev RM, Thome J. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with alterations in circadian rhythms at the behavioural, endocrine and molecular levels. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:988–95. [DOI] [PubMed]

157.

Desan PH, Oren DA. Is seasonal affective disorder a disorder of circadian rhythms? CNS Spectr. 2001;6:487–501. [DOI] [PubMed]

158.

Johansson C, Willeit M, Smedh C, Ekholm J, Paunio T, Kieseppä T, et al. Circadian clock-related polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder and their relevance to diurnal preference. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:734–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

159.

Zhang L, Hirano A, Hsu P, Jones CR, Sakai N, Okuro M, et al. A PERIOD3 variant causes a circadian phenotype and is associated with a seasonal mood trait. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:E1536–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

160.

Scammell TE, Arrigoni E, Lipton JO. Neural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep. Neuron. 2017;93:747–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

161.

Hickie IB, Rogers NL. Novel melatonin-based therapies: potential advances in the treatment of major depression. Lancet. 2011;378:621–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

162.

Wulff K, Dijk D, Middleton B, Foster RG, Joyce EM. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:308–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

163.

Naismith SL, Hermens DF, Ip TKC, Bolitho S, Scott E, Rogers NL, et al. Circadian profiles in young people during the early stages of affective disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e123. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

164.

Robillard R, Oxley C, Hermens DF, White D, Wallis R, Naismith SL, et al. The relative contributions of psychiatric symptoms and psychotropic medications on the sleep-wake profile of young persons with anxiety, depression and bipolar disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016;243:403–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

165.

Alachkar A, Lee J, Asthana K, Monfared RV, Chen J, Alhassen S, et al. The hidden link between circadian entropy and mental health disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:281. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

166.

Sarowar T, Chhabra R, Vilella A, Boeckers TM, Zoli M, Grabrucker AM. Activity and circadian rhythm influence synaptic Shank3 protein levels in mice. J Neurochem. 2016;138:887–95. [DOI] [PubMed]

167.

Tong H, Li Q, Zhang ZC, Li Y, Han J. Neurexin regulates nighttime sleep by modulating synaptic transmission. Sci Rep. 2016;6:38246. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

168.

Menke A. Is the HPA Axis as Target for Depression Outdated, or Is There a New Hope? Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:101. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

169.

Taylor BJ, Hasler BP. Chronotype and Mental Health: Recent Advances. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20:59. [DOI] [PubMed]

170.

Zou H, Zhou H, Yan R, Yao Z, Lu Q. Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: Recent evidence and potential mechanisms. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:811771. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

171.

Adan A. A chronobiological approach to addiction. J Subst Use. 2012;18:171–83. [DOI]

172.

Bacqué-Cazenave J, Bharatiya R, Barrière G, Delbecque J, Bouguiyoud N, Giovanni GD, et al. Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1649. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

173.

Daut RA, Fonken LK. Circadian regulation of depression: A role for serotonin. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;54:100746. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

174.

Duman RS, Sanacora G, Krystal JH. Altered Connectivity in Depression: GABA and Glutamate Neurotransmitter Deficits and Reversal by Novel Treatments. Neuron. 2019;102:75–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

175.

Teleanu RI, Niculescu A, Roza E, Vladâcenco O, Grumezescu AM, Teleanu DM. Neurotransmitters—Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:5954. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

176.

Krystal JH, Anticevic A, Yang GJ, Dragoi G, Driesen NR, Wang X, et al. Impaired Tuning of Neural Ensembles and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia: A Translational and Computational Neuroscience Perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:874–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

177.

Dienel SJ, Lewis DA. Alterations in cortical interneurons and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;131:104208. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

178.

Kumar V, Vajawat B, Rao NP. Frontal GABA in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of ¹H-MRS studies. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2021;22:1–13. [DOI] [PubMed]

179.

Cai Y, Xing L, Yang T, Chai R, Wang J, Bao J, et al. The neurodevelopmental role of dopaminergic signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Lett. 2021;741:135540. [DOI] [PubMed]

180.

Marotta R, Risoleo MC, Messina G, Parisi L, Carotenuto M, Vetri L, et al. The Neurochemistry of Autism. Brain Sci. 2020;10:163. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

181.

Häge A, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar JK, Dijkhuizen RM, Franke B, Lythgoe DJ, et al. Glutamatergic medication in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:141. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

182.

McCarty PJ, Pines AR, Sussman BL, Wyckoff SN, Jensen A, Bunch R, et al. Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Elucidates Neurotransmitter Deficiency in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med. 2021;11:969. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

183.

Abdul F, Sreenivas N, Kommu JVS, Banerjee M, Berk M, Maes M, et al. Disruption of circadian rhythm and risk of autism spectrum disorder: role of immune-inflammatory, oxidative stress, metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways. Rev Neurosci. 2021;33:93–109. [DOI] [PubMed]

184.

Deshmukh R, Franco K. Managing weight gain as a side effect of antidepressant therapy. Cleve Clin J Med. 2003;70:614, 616, 618, passim. [PubMed]

185.

Köhler O, Benros ME, Nordentoft M, Farkouh ME, Iyengar RL, Mors O, et al. Effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on depression, depressive symptoms, and adverse effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:1381–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

186.

Wang L, Wang R, Liu L, Qiao D, Baldwin DS, Hou R. Effects of SSRIs on peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;79:24–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

187.

Baumeister D, Ciufolini S, Mondelli V. Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: consequence or mediator of therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment? Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233:1575–89. [DOI] [PubMed]

188.

Abdoli A, Taghipour A, Pirestani M, Jahromi MAM, Roustazadeh A, Mir H, et al. Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of "co-infection". Heliyon. 2020;6:e05645. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

189.

Kripke DF, Mullaney DJ, Atkinson M, Wolf S. Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. Biol Psychiatry. 1978;13:335–51. [PubMed]

190.

Wirz-Justice A. The implications of chronobiology for psychiatry. Psychiatric Times. 2011;56–61.

191.

Kasper S, Hajak G, Wulff K, Hoogendijk WJG, Montejo AL, Smeraldi E, et al. Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on the circadian rest-activity cycle and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison with sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:109–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

192.

Wang J, Jin L, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Yu R, Gao S. Research progress in NOS1AP in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Brain Res Bull. 2016;125:99–105. [DOI] [PubMed]

193.

Minelli A, Maffioletti E, Cloninger CR, Magri C, Sartori R, Bortolomasi M, et al. Role of allelic variants of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene in the development of anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:1170–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

194.

Chawathey K, Ford A. Cognitive behavioural therapy. InnovAiT. 2016;9:518–23. [DOI]

195.

Aviram A, Westra HA, Constantino MJ, Antony MM. Responsive management of early resistance in cognitive–behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84:783–94. [DOI] [PubMed]

196.

Wirz-Justice A, Terman M. Chronotherapeutics (light and wake therapy) as a class of interventions for affective disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2012;106:697–713. [DOI] [PubMed]

197.

Ohdo S. Chronotherapeutic strategy: Rhythm monitoring, manipulation and disruption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:859–75. [DOI] [PubMed]

198.

Terman M, Terman JS. Light therapy. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 5th ed. St Louis: Elsevier/Saunders; 2010. pp.1682–92. [DOI]

199.

Khalifeh AH. The effect of chronotherapy on depressive symptoms. Evidence-based practice. Saudi Med J. 2017;38:457–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

200.

Even C, Schröder CM, Friedman S, Rouillon F. Efficacy of light therapy in nonseasonal depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:11–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

201.

Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, et al. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:656–62. [DOI] [PubMed]

202.

Tao L, Jiang R, Zhang K, Qian Z, Chen P, Lv Y, et al. Light therapy in non-seasonal depression: An update meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113247. [DOI] [PubMed]

203.

Lieverse R, Someren EJWV, Nielen MMA, Uitdehaag BMJ, Smit JH, Hoogendijk WJG. Bright light treatment in elderly patients with nonseasonal major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:61–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

204.

Hizli Sayar G, Agargun, Tan, Bulut. Comparison of effects of bright light therapy alone or combined with fluoxetine on severity of depression, circadian rhythms, mood disturbance, and sleep quality, in patients with non-seasonal depression. ChronoPhysiol Ther. 2013;3:53–9. [DOI]

205.

Wirz-Justice A, Bader A, Frisch U, Stieglitz R, Alder J, Bitzer J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of light therapy for antepartum depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:986–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

206.

Benedetti F, Barbini B, Colombo C, Smeraldi E. Chronotherapeutics in a psychiatric ward. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11:509–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

207.

Ioannou M, Wartenberg C, Greenbrook JTV, Larson T, Magnusson K, Schmitz L, et al. Sleep deprivation as treatment for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021;143:22–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

208.

Casher M, Schuldt S, Haq A, Burkhead-Weiner D. Chronotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression. Psychiatr Ann. 2012;42:166–9. [DOI]

209.

Martiny K, Refsgaard E, Lund V, Lunde M, Sørensen L, Thougaard B, et al. The day-to-day acute effect of wake therapy in patients with major depression using the HAM-D₆ as primary outcome measure: results from a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67264. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

210.

Benedetti F, Barbini B, Fulgosi MC, Colombo C, Dallaspezia S, Pontiggia A, et al. Combined total sleep deprivation and light therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant bipolar depression: acute response and long-term remission rates. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:1535–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

211.

Echizenya M, Suda H, Takeshima M, Inomata Y, Shimizu T. Total sleep deprivation followed by sleep phase advance and bright light therapy in drug-resistant mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2013;144:28–33. [DOI] [PubMed]

212.

Moscovici L, Kotler M. A multistage chronobiologic intervention for the treatment of depression: a pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2009;116:201–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

213.

Sahlem GL, Kalivas B, Fox JB, Lamb K, Roper A, Williams EN, et al. Adjunctive triple chronotherapy (combined total sleep deprivation, sleep phase advance, and bright light therapy) rapidly improves mood and suicidality in suicidal depressed inpatients: an open label pilot study. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;59:101–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

214.

Wu JC, Kelsoe JR, Schachat C, Bunney BG, DeModena A, Golshan S, et al. Rapid and sustained antidepressant response with sleep deprivation and chronotherapy in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66:298–301. [DOI] [PubMed]

215.

Phelps J. Dark therapy for bipolar disorder using amber lenses for blue light blockade. Med Hypotheses. 2008;70:224–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

216.

Barbini B, Benedetti F, Colombo C, Dotoli D, Bernasconi A, Cigala-Fulgosi M, et al. Dark therapy for mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:98–101. [DOI] [PubMed]

217.

Henriksen TE, Skrede S, Fasmer OB, Schoeyen H, Leskauskaite I, Bjørke-Bertheussen J, et al. Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18:221–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

218.

Alexander B, Warner-Schmidt J, Eriksson T, Tamminga C, Arango-Lievano M, Ghose S, et al. Reversal of depressed behaviors in mice by p11 gene therapy in the nucleus accumbens. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:54ra76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]