Table Info

Table 1.

Sleep architecture [38–41]

State	Stage		% of total sleep¹	Body and brain activity	Mechanism and benefits
NREM	1	N1	2–5	Low-voltage, mixed-frequency brain waves	Transitions from wakefulness and low arousal threshold
	2	N2	45–55	Low-voltage, low-frequency brain activity with spindles; reduces muscle tension	Associated with memory consolidation and learning
	3	N3	3–8	Increased high-voltage SWS activity	Transition to stage 4; HGH release [41]
	4	N3	10–15	Increased high-voltage, SWS; some body movements	HGH release [41]
REM			20–25	Low-voltage, mixed-frequency brain activity; muscle atonia; bursts of REM; irregular HR and breathing (including short breathing apnea)	Dreaming, mood regulation, and antidepressant effects are most often associated with REM sleep; memory consolidation in REM is still debated

HGH: human growth hormone; HR: heart rate; NREM: non-rapid eye movement; REM: rapid eye movement; SWS: slow-wave sleep; ¹ Estimated for healthy young adults [38]

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to Boris A. Portnov from the University of Haifa for his invaluable insights, which have significantly enhanced this review. Special thanks are also extended to Noa Weiss and Noga Becker for their valuable assistance with language editing.

Author contributions

NMG: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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