Table Info

Table 1.

Means and standard deviations of subject characteristics, patient-reported outcome measures, and clinical features (i.e., duration of the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), and medication intake)

Characteristics	HC_DM (N = 20)	DM (N = 20)	P value	HC_DMp (N = 18)	DMp (N = 18)	P value
Age (years)	53.1 ± 16.6	53.4 ± 16.7	0.956	58.2 ± 10.7	64.6 ± 8.2	0.059
Sex (M/F)	9/11	9/11	-	15/3	15/3	-
BMI (kg/m²)	24.2 ± 3.2	26.7 ± 4.0	< 0.05	25.4 ± 2.9	30.3 ± 4.7	< 0.001
CSI-A score	15.2 ± 8.0	17.6 ± 8.1	0.360	15.3 ± 8.2	34.1 ± 15.7	< 0.001
NRS score	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	-	0.0 ± 0.0	3.7 ± 2.0	< 0.001
Duration DM (years)	-	17.2 ± 10.2	-	-	19.1 ± 10.7	-
Duration DPN (years)	-	-	-	-	8.4 ± 5.4	-
Medication intake (N)	0	0	-	0	5	-

Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), central sensitization inventory-part A (CSI-A) score, and numeric rating scale (NRS) score were tested between patient (DM and DMp) and their age- and sex-matched healthy control (HC) groups using a t-test. DM: patients with diabetes mellitus without pain or other clinical symptoms of polyneuropathy; DMp: patients with diabetes mellitus diagnosed with chronic painful peripheral polyneuropathy

Declarations

Author contributions

TB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IPK: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. TB and IPK contributed equally to this work. BvdB: Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing—review & editing. SRG: Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing—review & editing. JRB: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

All experiments were approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committees United (MEC-U, file number: NL66136.100.18) and in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

Consent to participate

All participants provided written informed consent and were rewarded for participation in the experiment.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

A limited dataset of the experiments reported here is available on request.

Funding

This project was funded by the TKI High Tech Systems and Materials (HTSM) via the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy’s PPS allowance scheme for Research and Innovation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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