Table Info

Table 1.

Literature review of skin and subcutaneous metastasis in high-grade glial tumors

References	Age at diagnosis (years)	Sex	Primary location	Surgery (grade of resection)	Adjuvant treatment	Time from first surgery to scalp metastasis (months)	Relevant features of metastasis	CNS progression (local intracranial recurrence) simultaneously or deferred	Other manifestations after scalp metastasis	Management of scalp metastasis	Survival from scalp metastasis diagnosis (months)
Matsuyama et al., 1989 [2]	68	M	Right sylvian fissure and small masses in cisterns	GT	RT + CT	Unknown	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Unknown	Autopsy revealed metastases to the liver, spleen, and spinal cord	Palliative approach	Unknown
Carvalho et al., 1991 [16]	26	F	Posterior right temporal	ST	RT + BT	Unknown	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	A cervical lymph node, and afterward other extracranial masses (not specified)	RT + CT + excision of the affected soft-tissue	Unknown
Wallace et al., 1996 [17]	41	M	Right frontal	GT	RT + CT	3	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Unknown	Painful bilateral cervical adenopathies	RT + CT	5
Wallace et al., 1996 [17]	39	M	Right frontal-temporal	GT	RT	5	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously local recurrence with extension through the overlying skull and along the anterior fossa into the right orbit	Neck and facial swelling with a preauricular lymphadenopaty	CNS surgery	7
Houston et al., 2000 [3]	19	M	Left parietal	ST	BT	10	Scalp and skull nodules in the suboccipital region	Yes, 4 months later	4 months later, a supraclavicular node and a mediastinum mass	RT + CT	7
Houston et al., 2000 [3]	32	M	Left temporal	ST	BT + CT	5	Scalp nodule at one of the healed left frontal catheter sites	Yes, 2 months later	8 months later, lung and liver metastasis	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + CNS surgery after detecting CNS progression	8
Hata et al., 2001 [4]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	RT + CT	Unknown	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously local invasion of the primary tumor to the dura and skull	Multiple tumors in the lung, lymph nodes, and the heart, simultaneously	Unknown	Unknown
Figueroa et al., 2002 [18]	34	M	Left temporal	P	RT	8	Subcutaneous nodule 3.5 cm anterior to the frontal scalp line and 2 cm posterior	Yes, simultaneously	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	5
Santos et al., 2003 [19]	42	M	Left fronto-parietal	GT	RT + CT; after, two CNS recurrences required two different surgeries and cycles of RT + CT	36	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	No	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	Unknown
Allan, 2004 [20]	60	M	Frontal-temporal (side not specified)	P	RT	12	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Palliative approach	2
Moon et al., 2004 [21]	35	F	Left temporo-occipital	ST	RT; after, three CNS recurrences required three different surgeries	48	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously. Extense leptomeningeal spread to the left temporo-occipital region	Multiple lymph adenopathies in the deep cervical region without continuity with the scalp mass, simultaneously	CT	5
Bouillot-Eimer et al., 2005 [22]	60	F	Left parietal	B	RT + CT	11	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously. Intracraneal tumor seeding along the stereotactic biopsy trajectory	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	1
Jain et al., 2005 [11]	49	M	Right temporo-parietal	P	RT	10	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	2
Schultz et al., 2005 [10]	74	F	Left temporal	P	Unknown	12	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	1
Saad et al., 2007 [5]	13	M	Left frontal	ST	RT + CT + antiangiogenic therapy	7	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously intracranial and leptomeningeal spread	Multiple liver and lung metastatic nodules, simultaneously	Palliative approach	3
Mentrikoski et al., 2008 [23]	58	F	Left frontal	GT	RT + CT; after two CNS recurrences required two different surgeries and antiangiogenic therapy + RT	16	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	No	No	Unknown	Unknown
Mentrikoski et al., 2008 [23]	47	M	Not specified	GT	CT	2	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	No	No	Unknown	Unknown
Senetta et al., 2009 [12]	48	F	Right fronto-parietal	GT	RT + CT	14	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, 4 months later	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + RT + CT	12
Senetta et al., 2009 [12]	53	F	Left frontal	P	RT + CT	9	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, 4 months later	3 months later, new scalp satellite lesions	RT	16
Miliaras et al., 2009 [24]	63	M	Left fronto-parietal	GT	Unknown	7	Scapular subcutaneous mass	Yes, 1 month later	No	Unknown	3
Jusué Torres et al., 2011 [25]	63	F	Right frontal	GT	RT + CT	6	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + CNS surgery + carmustine implants + CT + antiangiogenic therapy	Unknown
Guo et al., 2012 [26]	19	F	Pons of brain stem	Unknown	RT + CT	8	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + CT + RT	Unknown
Amitendu et al., 2012 [27]	27	M	Right temporal	GT	After PXA diagnosis, an RT regimen was carried out	48	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, 3 months later. After excision, the histology showed anaplastic oligodendroglioma (WHO III).	6 months later, lumbosacral spinal metastasis	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + surgery of lumbosacral spinal metastasis	Unknown
Ginat et al., 2013 [28]	62	M	Left frontal extending to ependimal surface	ST	RT + CT	10	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, afterwards (unespecified)	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + CT + RT	3.5
Bathla et al., 2015 [14]	51	M	Left parafalcine with	GT	RT + CT	1.5	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Unknown	No	Palliative approach	2
Anghileri et al., 2015 [6]	30	M	Left central sulcus	Unknown	RT + CT; two CNS recurrences required two different surgeries afterward	80	Frontal subcutaneous lump	No	2 months later, cervical lymph nodes and multiple lung metastasis	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	2
Anghileri et al., 2015 [6]	43	M	Left anterior frontal	GT	RT + CT; two CNS recurrences required two different surgeries	20	Frontal subcutaneous lump	Yes, simultaneously	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	1
Forsyth et al., 2015 [29]	59	F	Left fronto-temporal	Unknown	RT + CT	6	Frontal subcutaneous lump	Yes, simultaneously	No	CNS surgery	Unknown
Lewis et al., 2017 [7]	47	F	Left medial cerebellar hemisphere extending to the vermis	GT	RT + CT	5	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously ecurrence at leptomeninges, fourth ventricle, and drop metastases in the cervical vertebrae	No	RT + CT + Excision of the affected soft-tissue	Unknown
Pérez-Bovet and Rimbau-Muñoz, 2018 [30]	63	F	Right fronto-parietal	ST	RT + CT	10	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby and palpable nodules in the masticator muscles of the right infratemporal fossa	Yes, 4 months later	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue + CNS surgery + CT	1.5
Magdaleno-Tapial et al., 2019 [13]	75	F	Right parietal	GT	Clinical trial with nivolumab/placebo	7	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	No	No	Palliative approach	Unknown
Moratinos-Ferrero et al., 2019 [31]	51	M	Right temporo-parietal	GT	Unknown	8	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Unknown	Unknown
Moratinos-Ferrero et al., 2019 [31]	53	M	Left temporo-parietal	GT	Unknown	18	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, simultaneously	No	Unknown	Unknown
Nakib et al., 2021 [32]	53	M	Posterior limb og the right internal capsule and right thalamus	ST	RT + CT + antiangiogenic therapy	11	Anterior-auricular side of his face is near-distant from the surgery scar	Yes, simultaneously	No	Palliative approach	4
Ciscar-Fabuel et al., 2024 [9]	48	M	Left parietal multifocal	GT	RT+CT	6	Scalp nodule at the craniotomy site and/or nearby	Yes, 1 month later	No	Excision of the affected soft-tissue	1

M: male; F: female; GT: gross total resection; RT: radiotherapy; CT: chemotherapy; ST: subtotal resection; BT: brachytherapy; CNS: central nervous system; P: partial resection; B: biopsy; PXA: pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; WHO: World Health Organization

Declarations

Author contributions

MCF: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology. ADVB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GBP: Investigation, Methodology, Visualization. MRQ: Project administration, Visualization. GPA and AGC: Supervision, Validation, Visualization.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

The informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

The informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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