Table Info

Table 1.

Short-term vs. long-term functions of purinergic signaling in the CNS

Function	Short-term roles	Long-term roles	Cellular involvement	References
Neuromodulation	- Modulation of synaptic transmission - Enhanced synaptic plasticity during neuronal firing	- Maintenance of synaptic homeostasis over time - Regulation of long-term potentiation	Neurons, astrocytes, microglia	[7, 38, 74]
Synaptic plasticity	- Modulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses - Regulation of ion flux via P2X receptors	- Structural changes like dendritic remodeling - Synapse formation and stabilization	Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes	[6, 40, 70]
Inflammatory responses	- Activation of microglia for injury response - Chemotactic signaling through P2Y12 receptors	- Persistent neuroinflammatory responses in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease	Microglia, astrocytes, neurons	[24, 75, 76]
Cognitive and behavioral adaptation	- Modulation of neuronal excitability - Regulation of neurotransmitter release during short-term stress or stimulus	- Long-term effects on learning and memory - Potential involvement in psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, anxiety)	Astrocytes, neurons, microglia	[24, 54, 70, 77]
Tissue repair and regeneration	- Acute ATP release to mediate damage response and recruit glial cells	- Long-term neurogenesis, axonal growth, and synaptic remodeling	Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes	[78, 79]

Declarations

Author contributions

MMN: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

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