Traditional methods for diagnosis and disease progression monitoring with merits and demerits

MethodDescriptionMeritsDemeritsReference(s)
MRIUses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and tumor.Non-invasive, high-resolution imaging can distinguish between tumor types.High cost, requires careful interpretation, and may not show immediate changes.[23, 24]
CTCT scan combines X-ray images taken from different angles to create cross-sectional brain images.It is widely available, quicker than MRI, and effective for detecting larger tumors or blood.A lower resolution than MRI involves radiation exposure and is less effective for soft tissues.[23, 25]
Neurological examinationClinical evaluation by a healthcare professional to assess cognitive function, reflexes, motor skills, and sensory abilities.Immediate feedback on neurological function, no imaging required.Subjective, may not detect small changes in tumor status.[26]
Biopsy (stereotactic)A minimally invasive procedure to obtain tissue samples from the tumor for histopathological analysis.Provides a definitive diagnosis and information about the tumor type.Invasive procedures with associated risks may not represent the entire tumor heterogeneity.[27, 28]
Contrast-enhanced imagingUse of contrast agents in MRI or CT scans to enhance the visibility of tumor boundaries and blood supply.It improves differentiation between tumor and normal tissue and highlights tumor vascularity.Contrast agents can cause allergic reactions or kidney issues in some patients.[29]

CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging