Table Info

Table 1.

Surgical approaches and indications

Indication	Surgical approach		Recommendation
Dysphagia	Open	Anterolateral approach	The preferred approach given the ease of osteophyte removal and extended exposure from C2–T1
Dysphagia	Open	Transoral approach	Indicated when exposure to the lower clivus or level C1 is needed
Vertebral fractures	Open	Posterior approach	The preferred approach for the cervical and thoracolumbar spine
		Combined anterior and posterior approach	Recommended in patients with unstable B- and C-type cervical fractures
		Anterior approach	Generally not recommended due to high failure rates
	Minimally invasive	Posterior approach	Suitable for neurologically stable patients with vertebral fractures

Declarations

Author contributions

NIH: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Project administration, Investigation. JSK: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JJV: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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