Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of the cells and mediators involved in the PsA pathogenesis

Mediators/Cells	Effect
RANKL	Osteoclastogenesis ↑
OPG	Decoy receptor of RANKL: osteoclastogenesis ↓ Regulates the DKK-1 expression through a feedback loop Vascular calcification ↓
DKK-1	Natural inhibitor of Wnt: bone formation ↓ Inhibition of DKK-1: circulating OPG ↑; osteoclastogenesis ↓
Wnt pathway	Osteoblastogenesis ↑
TNF-α	RANKL ↑: bone erosion DKK-1 ↑: bone erosion
IL-22	OBL ↑ differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: bone formation ↑ RANKL ↑ on FLS: osteoclastogenesis
IL-17	RANKL ↑: osteoclastogenesis Wnt ↓: inhibition of new bone formation Exacerbating enthesitis through stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells
IL-23	Peripheral enthesitis Key mediator of Th17 expansion and maintenance
Innate γδ T cells	Production of IL-17 independent from IL-23: OBLs proliferation ↑
Th17	Production of IL-17
Th22	Production of IL-22 in the absence of IL-17A

↑: increased; ↓: decreased; FLS: fibroblast-like synoviocytes

Declarations

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my gratitude to my wife, Mrs. Dr. Batool Dadkhah for her intellectual assistances.

Author contributions

FS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there is no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All required data are included in the manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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