A summary of included studies and result

StudyNumber of patientsUS methodProfessional performing USProfessional performing clinical examCriteria for referralTreatment rateLate presentation rate
Afaq et al. [7]200Harcke method with Terjesen measurementsConsultant radiologist or sonographerJunior doctor or midwifeFamily history, breech, syndromic children, spinal or foot deformities, abnormal examinationNot reportedNot reported
Broadhurst et al. [8]3,635Not reportedNot reportedNot reportedFamily history, breech presentationNot reported1.28/1,000
Choudry et al. [9]124Graf & HarckeOrthopaedic consultantVariable—junior doctor/midwife/advanced nurse practitionerFamily history, breech presentation, abnormal examination0.8/1,0000.78/1,000
Clarke et al. [10]20,344ClarkeNot reportedPaediatricianFamily history, breech presentation, foot deformities, abnormal examination7.2/1,0000.34/1,000
Donnelly et al. [11]75,856GrafNot reportedHealth visitorsFamily history, breech presentation, abnormal examination8.5/1,0000.42/1,000
McAllister et al. [12]896,594Not reportedPhysiotherapist/PhysicianPhysiotherapist/PhysicianFamily history, breech presentation, moulding abnormality, abnormal examinationNot reportedNot reported
Talbot et al. [13]2,984Modified Harcke (dynamic) & modified Graf (static)Not reportedOrthopaedic surgeonFamily history, abnormal examination16.4/1,000Not reported
Tyagi et al. [14]3,618GrafConsultant radiologist/radiographerMaternity care professionalFamily history, breech, multiple pregnancies, CTEV, high bodyweight females, abnormal examination3.31/1,0000.27/1,000
Westacott et al. [15] (selective group)18,053GrafRadiographer or orthopaedic consultantJunior doctor or general practitionerFamily history, breech presentation, multiple pregnancies, increased birth weight, non-CTEV foot deformities, packaging disorders2.3/1,0000.28/1,000
Westacott et al. [15] (universal group)10,015GrafRadiographer or orthopaedic consultantN/A—US screening aloneN/A—universal7.9/1,0000.5/1,000

N/A: not applicable; US: ultrasound