Details of the primary studies for pain perception

StudyTreatmentBiofeedback modeEMG deviceOutcome parameter        Outcome valuesES
EMG FB GroupControl Group
[14]

3 weeks (5 days per week)

  • Isometric quadriceps (3 × 5 s × 10 reps)

  • Terminal knee extension (3 × 5 s × 10 reps)

  • Straight leg raising (3 × 5 s × 10 reps)

  • Isometric hip adduction (3 × 5 s × 10 reps)

Visual

  • EMG activity VM

  • EMG activity RF

Myomed 932VASPre:
6.13 ± 0.18
Post:
1.53 ± 0.74		Pre:
6.06 ± 1.03
Post:
2.93 ± 0.88		1.72*
[16]

8 weeks (daily)

  • Isometric contraction VL (2 × 5–20 s, 5 s rest)

  • Isometric contraction VM (2 × 5–20 s, 5 s rest)

  • Isometric contraction BF (2 × 5–20 s, 5 s rest)

  • Isometric contraction SM (2 × 5–20 s, 5 s rest)

Visual

  • EMG activity VL

  • EMG activity VM

  • EMG activity BF

  • EMG activity SM

Myomed 134KOOSPre:
38.23 ± 11.03
Post:
84.02 ± 6.95		Pre:
37.42 ± 10.48
Post:
86.04 ± 5.43		0.32
[17]

8 weeks (12 × 15 min sessions)

  • Isometric contraction QF (15 s contraction, 10 s rest, 15 min in total)

Visual & acoustic

  • EMG activity VM

MyoTrac
Infiniti		VASPre:
5.9 ± 1.7
Post:
2.9 ± 1.6		Pre:
6.1 ± 1.6
Post:
4.3 ± 1.2		0.99*
WOMAC painPre:
6.0 ± 3. 1
Post:
4.5 ± 2.6		Pre:
6.5 ± 3.3
Post:
4.8 ± 2.2		0.12
Lequesne painPre:
3.6 ± 1.9
Post:
3.0 ± 1.6		Pre:
4.5 ± 1.4
Post:
3.8 ± 1.3		0.55
[18]

3 weeks (3 times every day)

  • Quadriceps isometric (10 reps)

  • Mini squatting (10 reps)

  • Four-way straight leg raising (10 reps)

  • Knee terminal extension (10 reps)

Visual & acoustic

  • EMG activity VM

  • EMG activity VL

Myomed 932VAS restPre:
3.89 ± 2.28
Post:
1.63 ± 2.06		Pre:
3.65 ± 2.23
Post:
1.35 ± 1.69		0.15
VAS walkingPre:
5.42 ± 2.83
Post:
2.68 ± 2.49		Pre:
5.95 ± 2.06
Post:
2.75 ± 2.02		0.03
VAS stairsPre:
7.47 ± 1.95
Post:
4.52 ± 2.54		Pre:
7.05 ± 1.53
Post:
3.55 ± 1.84		0.44
WOMAC painPre:
14.78 ± 4.93
Post:
9.52 ± 4.42		Pre:
14.30 ± 0.99
Post:
9.3 ± 3,07		0.60
NHPS painPre:
63.69 ± 27.71
Post:
31.72 ± 24.19		Pre:
63.54 ± 25.29
Post:
28.52 ± 23.67		0.13
[20]

6 weeks (3 times per week)

  • Shoulder flexion strengthening in a video game (5 s contraction, 5 s rest, 10 reps)

Visual & acoustic

  • EMG activity AD

NeuroTrac MyoPlus4 ProNPRSPre:
4.91 ± 1.69
Post:
2.72 ± 1.72		Pre:
5.52 ± 1.44
Post:
3.27 ± 1.97		0.30*
[21]

8 weeks (2 times per week)

  • Gym ball exercises (10 s hold, 5 s rest, 10 reps)

Visual

  • EMG activity RA

Myomed 932VASPre:
5.62 ± 0.96
Post:
0.49 ± 0.69		Pre:
5.57 ± 0.72
Post:
1.06 ± 0.68		0.83*
[19]

4 weeks (2 times per week)

  • Stretching and strengthening (2 × 8 reps)

  • Shoulder rotators, adductors, abductors, extensors with particular attention to supraspinatus

Visual

  • EMG activity SP

  • Muscle balance

  • Muscle relaxation

mDurance systemWUSPIPre:
121.8 ± 8.9
Post:
54.2 ± 8.5		Pre:
121.60 ± 9.6
Post:
81.70 ± 6.3		3.66*

* Significant effects between EMG FB Group and Control Group post intervention. ES: effect size; VL: vastus lateralis muscle; VM: vastus medialis muscle; BF: biceps femoris muscle; SM: semimembranosus muscle; RF: rectus femoris muscle; VAS: Visual Analog Scale; KOOS: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; NHPS: Nottingham Health Profile Score; AD: anterior deltoid muscle; RA: rectus abdominis muscle; SP: supraspinatus muscle; NPRS: Numeric Pain Rating Scale; WUSPI: Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index