Table Info

Table 2.

Controlled activities performed while wearing hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers

Order	Task	Description
1	Lying quietly	Laying supine on a plinth
2	Keyboarding	Type the Declaration of Independence (hard copy provided) in a Word document on a desktop computer
3	Window washing (simulated)	Whiteboard erasing of a 1.2 × 2.4 m (4 × 8 ft) whiteboard using the dominant hand was used to simulate window washing
4	Sweeping†	Using a standard broom, participants swept confetti into a pile and then using a dustpan, placed the confetti into a garbage bag
5	Over-ground walking†	At a self-selected velocity, participants walked 350 m (1,145 ft) through hallways. Mean walking speed was calculated (distance/time)
6	Ascending stairs	Walked up 7 flights of stairs at a comfortable pace, minimal handrail use. The mean climbing speed calculated
7	Descending stairs	Walked down 7 flights of stairs at a comfortable pace, with minimal handrail use. The mean descending speed calculated
8	Modified Bruce protocol (MBP) stages 1–5	Subjects progressed from Stages 1 through 5 as tolerated without rests; subjects were discouraged from using handrails unless necessary Stage conditions: Stage 1: 2.74 km/h (1.7 mph), 0% incline Stage 2: 2.74 km/h (1.7 mph), 5% incline Stage 3: 2.74 km/h (1.7 mph), 10% incline Stage 4: 4.0 km/h (2.5 mph), 12% incline Stage 5: 5.5 km/h (3.4 mph), 14% incline
9	Sitting in a chair	Between treadmill activities, sat quietly in a chair
10	Treadmill walking†	4.8 km/h (3 mph), 0% incline
11	Treadmill jogging	8.0 km/h (5 mph), 0% incline
12	Treadmill running 1	Subjects ran at their choice of 9.7, 11.3, or 12.9 km/h (6, 7, or 8 mph) (if they felt comfortable doing so), with 0% incline
13	Treadmill running 2	Subjects ran at their choice of 14.5 or 16.1 km/h (9 or 10 mph) (if they felt comfortable doing so), with 0% incline

†: performed tasks again after 1st 17 tasks in the following order: treadmill walking, followed by overground walking, and lastly sweeping

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/100766_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the efforts of several graduate students in the collection of this data: Henry Byl; Lauren Fleener; Krista Hannasch; Taylor Helms; Nathan Kleckner; Josh Krutsinger; Garrett McGrane; Michael Mueller; Rebecca Spitz; Brittany Treichler; Daniel Vogel; Abe Ward; Leigha Yerk. In addition, salary support for SLM was provide by the U.S. Army. Any citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this article do not constitute an official Department of the Army or DoD endorsement of approval of the products or services of these organizations.

Author contributions

LAFL: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. SLM: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. DD: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. KAS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Prof. Laura A. Frey-Law who is an Associate Editor of Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the University of Iowa Biomedical Institutional Review Board (201412729).

Consent to participate

Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Data is available upon request to the corresponding author, LAFL.

Funding

While this study was not directly supported by external funding, support for REDCap was possible through funding by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number [UM1TR004403]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

References

Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Schoenborn CA, Loustalot F. Trend and Prevalence Estimates Based on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:305–13. [DOI] [PubMed]

Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Mâsse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:181–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

Tucker JM, Welk GJ, Beyler NK. Physical Activity in U.S. Adults: Compliance with the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40:454–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

Powell KE, King AC, Buchner DM, Campbell WW, DiPietro L, Erickson KI, et al. The Scientific Foundation for the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. J Phys Act Health. 2018;16:1–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

Legge A, Blanchard C, Hanly JG. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Open Access Rheumatol. 2017;9:191–200. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Tierney M, Fraser A, Kennedy N. Physical Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review. J Phys Act Health. 2012;9:1036–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

Shaked O, Cohen G, Goshen A, Shimony T, Shohat T, Gerber Y. Physical Activity and Long-Term Mortality Risk in Older Adults with and without Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Gerontology. 2022;68:529–37. [DOI] [PubMed]

Rezende LFMd, Rey-López JP, Matsudo VKR, Luiz OdC. Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:333. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Metsios GS, Kitas GD. Physical activity, exercise and rheumatoid arthritis: Effectiveness, mechanisms and implementation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32:669–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Posadzki P, Pieper D, Bajpai R, Makaruk H, Könsgen N, Neuhaus AL, et al. Exercise/physical activity and health outcomes: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1724. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Pavon JM, Sloane RJ, Pieper CF, Colón-Emeric CS, Cohen HJ, Gallagher D, et al. Accelerometer-Measured Hospital Physical Activity and Hospital-Acquired Disability in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68:261–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Halfwerk FR, Haaren JHLv, Klaassen R, Delden RWv, Veltink PH, Grandjean JG. Objective Quantification of In-Hospital Patient Mobilization after Cardiac Surgery Using Accelerometers: Selection, Use, and Analysis. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21:1979. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Grimes L, Outtrim JG, Griffin SJ, Ercole A. Accelerometery as a measure of modifiable physical activity in high-risk elderly preoperative patients: a prospective observational pilot study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e032346. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Crouter SE, Churilla JR, Jr DRB. Estimating energy expenditure using accelerometers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;98:601–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Crouter SE, Clowers KG, Jr DRB. A novel method for using accelerometer data to predict energy expenditure. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;100:1324–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Crouter SE, Kuffel E, Haas JD, Frongillo EA, Jr DRB. Refined Two-Regression Model for the ActiGraph Accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1029–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Ellingson LD, Schwabacher IJ, Kim Y, Welk GJ, Cook DB. Validity of an Integrative Method for Processing Physical Activity Data. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1629–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Hibbing PR, Lamunion SR, Kaplan AS, Crouter SE. Estimating Energy Expenditure with ActiGraph GT9X Inertial Measurement Unit. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:1093–102. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Hildebrand M, Hees VTV, Hansen BH, Ekelund U. Age Group Comparability of Raw Accelerometer Output from Wrist- and Hip-Worn Monitors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:p 1816–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Rosenberger ME, Haskell WL, Albinali F, Mota S, Nawyn J, Intille S. Estimating Activity and Sedentary Behavior from an Accelerometer on the Hip or Wrist. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:964–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Staudenmayer J, He S, Hickey A, Sasaki J, Freedson P. Methods to estimate aspects of physical activity and sedentary behavior from high-frequency wrist accelerometer measurements. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;119:396–403. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Lyden K, Kozey SL, Staudenmeyer JW, Freedson PS. A comprehensive evaluation of commonly used accelerometer energy expenditure and MET prediction equations. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:187–201. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Ellingson LD, Hibbing PR, Kim Y, Frey-Law LA, Saint-Maurice PF, Welk GJ. Lab-based validation of different data processing methods for wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers in young adults. Physiol Meas. 2017;38:1045–60. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Hildebrand M, Hansen BH, Hees VTv, Ekelund U. Evaluation of raw acceleration sedentary thresholds in children and adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27:1814–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Jr DRB, Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A Second Update of Codes and MET Values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1575–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of Physical Activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:p S498–516. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

LaMonte MJ, Buchner DM, Rillamas-Sun E, Di C, Evenson KR, Bellettiere J, et al. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Mortality in Women Aged 63 to 99. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66:886–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Woodman JA, Crouter SE, Jr DRB, Fitzhugh EC, Boyer WR. Accuracy of Consumer Monitors for Estimating Energy Expenditure and Activity Type. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49:371–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Kingsley MIC, Nawaratne R, O’Halloran PD, Montoye AHK, Alahakoon D, Silva DD, et al. Wrist-specific accelerometry methods for estimating free-living physical activity. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22:677–83. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Eisenberger L, Mayr B, Beck M, Venek V, Kranzinger C, Menzl A, et al. Assessment of Exercise Intensity for Uphill Walking in Healthy Adults Performed Indoors and Outdoors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:16662. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Pescatello LS, American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2014.

33.

Verhoeven F, Tordi N, Prati C, Demougeot C, Mougin F, Wendling D. Physical activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83:265–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Mueller M, Chimenti R, Merkle S, Frey-Law L. Accelerometry analysis options produce large differences in lifestyle physical activity measurement. Physiol Meas. 2020;41:065006. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Ellingson LD, Hibbing PR, Welk GJ, Dailey D, Rakel BA, Crofford LJ, et al. Choice of Processing Method for Wrist-Worn Accelerometers Influences Interpretation of Free-Living Physical Activity Data in a Clinical Sample. J Meas Phys Behav. 2019;2:228–36. [DOI]