Table Info

Table 2.

Medication for CPP deposition disease

Medication	Mechanism of action	Indication	Most common side effects
Colchicine [38, 42]	Inhibits microtubule polymerization	Acute and chronic CPP arthritis	Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain
NSAIDs [35]	Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis	Symptomatic relief, acute flares	GI side effects, renal impairment
Glucocorticoids [10]	Suppress inflammation and immune response	Acute flares, refractory cases	Weight gain, osteoporosis
IL-1 Inhibitors (anakinra, canakinumab, and rilonacept) [43–49]	Block IL-1 signaling pathways	Refractory acute or chronic CPP arthritis	Injection site reactions, infections
Tocilizumab [51]	IL-6 receptor antagonist	Refractory acute or chronic CPP arthritis	Upper respiratory infections
Hydroxychloroquine [35]	Antimalarial and immunomodulatory effects	Chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis	Retinopathy, GI upset
Methotrexate [35]	Antimetabolite, immunosuppressive effects	Chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis	Liver toxicity, bone marrow suppression
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [35]	Stimulates adrenal cortex	Acute flares, refractory cases	Hypertension, mood changes
Probenecid [53]	Inhibits urate reabsorption in the kidneys	Experimental, potential ANKH transporter modulation	Nausea, vomiting, rash

IL-1: interleukin 1; CPP: calcium pyrophosphate; ANKH: pyrophosphate transporter ankylosis human; GI: gastrointestinal

Declarations

Author contributions

MLV: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HK: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Because the figures in the manuscript were obtained and licensed from a public image library [EULAR Imaging Library, https://esor.eular.org/course/view.php?id=41], and the figures are anonymous, ethical approval is not required.

Consent to participate

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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