Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of participants’ records

Variable	Gout cases (n = 81)	Non-gout participants (n = 219)	Total (n = 300)	Unit/Measurement
Age (mean ± SD)	52.3 ± 9.8	48.6 ± 10.5	49.8 ± 10.3	Years
BMI (mean ± SD)	29.1 ± 3.8	26.8 ± 4.2	27.4 ± 4.6	kg/m²
Hypertension (%)	42% (34/81)	32% (71/219)	35% (105/300)	BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg
Diabetes mellitus (%)	15% (12/81)	11% (24/219)	12% (36/300)	FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L
Chronic kidney disease (%)	10% (8/81)	7% (16/219)	8% (24/300)	eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m²
Serum uric acid (mean ± SD)	8.3 ± 1.2	5.6 ± 1.1	6.4 ± 1.7	mg/dL
Alcohol consumption (% high)	68% (55/81)	40% (88/219)	48% (143/300)	≥ 14 units/week
Seafood consumption (≥ 3x/week, %)	75% (61/81)	58% (127/219)	63% (188/300)	Frequency
Physical activity (low, %)	54% (44/81)	47% (103/219)	49% (147/300)	IPAQ categories
Presence of tophi (%)	12% (10/81)	0% (0/219)	3% (10/300)	Clinical examination
Diuretic use (%)	11% (9/81)	8% (18/219)	9% (27/300)	Medication history

SD: standard deviation; BP: blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; BMI: Body Mass Index

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to De-Integrated Medical Diagnostics and Research Laboratories, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, for providing the resources and facilities necessary to conduct this study. Our deepest appreciation goes to the laboratory staff for their tireless efforts and technical expertise throughout the research process.

Author contributions

GJO: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KAO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. EDK: Data analysis, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Rivers State University Ethics Committee (Reference No. RSU/REC/2024/081).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets and materials used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Restrictions may apply to the availability of certain data, such as confidential participant information, but de-identified data will be shared upon request for research purposes in compliance with ethical guidelines.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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