Table Info

Table 1.

Application of NSPs containing FA residue and albumin

Whole system name	Preparation of system	FR-positive cell lines, with which systems were tested	Application	Method to confirm the binding	Size/diameter, nm	Reference
Breast cancer
Chrysin-BSA-FA NPs	BSA NPs loaded with chrysin and conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	MCF-7	chemotherapy	FTIR, DSC	97.5 ± 5.8 nm (DLS)	[51]
FA-BSA-LC/DOPE-PTX	pH-sensitive lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier with core from DOPE and oleic acid containing paclitaxel and conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	MCF-7	chemotherapy	UV-Vis	116.10 ± 2.21 nm (DLS)	[50]
FA-BSANPs/BA	BSA was conjugated with FA in a form of NHS-ester, then NPs were synthesized and they were loaded with BA	MCF-7	chemotherapy	UV-Vis, FTIR	228.41 ± 2.36 nm (DLS)	[39]
ND-FA-BSA NSPs	BSA was conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester, then microspheres were synthesized and they were loaded with ND	MCF-7	chemotherapy	-	764.68 ± 88.46 nm (DLS), approximately 760.00 nm (SEM)	[71]
FA-Gem-BSA NPs	BSA NPs with Gem were conjugated with FA in a form of NHS-ester	MCF-7	chemotherapy	UV-Vis	208.70 ± 1.80 nm (DLS)	[56]
(BSA)-cis-aconitic anhydride-DOX	DOX prodrug attached to BSA through pH-sensitive linker (cis-aconitic anhydride), this system was conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	MCF-7	chemotherapy	FTIR, UV-Vis	20 ± 4 nm (LPSA and TEM)	[58]
DTX-HSA-FA and DTX-HSA-biotin	FA in form of NHS-ester was conjugated with HSA, then system was bonded with DTX	MDA-MB-231, 4T1	chemotherapy	UV-Vis	185 nm (DLS)	[52]
FA-DOX-BSA-IR-780 iodide	BSA NPs were loaded with DOX and IR-780 iodide and then conjugated with FA in a form of NHS-ester	m109	combined chemotherapy and PTT	-	178.00 ± 5.82 nm size (DLS)	[73]
Cervical cancer
Mn: CuSe@BSA-FA-Ce6	Manganese-doped copper selenide nanoparticles (Mn: CuSe) coated with BSA conjugated with Ce6 and FA with subsequent conjugation	HeLa	theranostics (image-guided cancer therapy PPT, PDT, MRI)	UV-Vis	40 nm (DLS)	[59]
FA-BSA NPs with DOX	BSA NPs were loaded with DOX. FA was activated with EDAC and conjugated to BSA	HeLa	chemotherapy	UV-Vis	from 176.2 to 191.6 nm (DLS) depending on conditions of preparation of the system	[38]
FA-BSANPs with FST	BSA conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester, then NPs were synthesized and they were loaded with FST	HeLa	chemotherapy	FTIR, UV-Vis, DSC, XRD	150 nm (DLS), 109 nm (FE-SEM)	[40]
FA-Ce6/DOX/BNPs	BSA NPs with DOX, Ce6 were conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	HeLa	combined chemotherapy and PDT	FTIR	103.5 ± 3.8 nm (DLS)	[72]
FA-BSA-AuNSs	AuNSs covered with BSA were conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	HeLa	PTT	FTIR, UV-Vis	169.7 ± 11.3 nm (DLS); 100.0 ± 24.4 nm (TEM)	[49]
HSA-DOX-Au NR NPs with FA	HSA NPs were conjugated with FA activated under EDC and connected with Au NR and DOX	HeLa	combined chemotherapy and PDT	UV-Vis	50 nm (DLS)	[74]
(BSA)-cis-aconitic anhydride-DOX	DOX prodrug attached to BSA through pH-sensitive linker (cis-aconitic anhydride), this system was conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	MDA-MB-231, BEL-7402	chemotherapy	FTIR, UV-Vis	20 ± 4 nm (LPSA and TEM)	[58]
Ovarian cancer
FA-Gem-BSA NPs	BSA NPs with Gem were conjugated with FA in a form of NHS-ester	Ovcar-5	chemotherapy	UV-Vis	208.70 ± 1.80 nm (DLS)	[56]
FA-BSA-MNP	Iron oxide MNPs were coated with BSA to form BSA-MNP, FA was conjugated to the BSA-MNP in a form of FA-PEG_2K-NHS	SKOV3	diagnostics (separating cells from blood for indentification via immunocytochemical staining)	FTIR	120.2 nm (for BSA-MNP) (DLS)	[68]
Prostate cancer
FA-BSA NPs with PTX	BSA NPs with FA in form of NHS-ester and PTX	PC-3	chemotherapy	UV-Vis	217.0 ± 3.6 nm (LLS)	[54]
Nasopharyngeal tumor
FA-DOX-BSA MNPs	MNP from Fe₃O₄ with addition of BSA and DOX and conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	KB	combined chemotherapy and MH	-	180.0 ± 2.2 nm (DLS)	[55]
Gastric cancer
HMSN-BSA-FA with ICG and PTX	HMSN coated with BSA conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester and loaded with ICG and PTX	SGC-7901, MGC80-3	combined chemotherapy and PDT	UV-Vis, FTIR	241.4 ± 6.0 nm (DLS); 139.4 ± 7.0 nm (TEM)	[57]
Colorectal cancer
GO-Albumin-Cur-FA-5FU	Graphene oxide NPs conjugated with Cur, mixture of 5FU and albumin, and finally conjugated with FA activated by EDC	HT-29	chemotherapy	HPLC	-	[69]
Cur-HSA NPs with FA	HSA NPs loaded with Cur and conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	HT-29	chemotherapy	-	165.6 ± 15.7 nm (LLS)	[53]
Liver cancer
FA-BSA SPIONs with polymeric micelles	Polymeric micelles functionalized with BSA conjugated with FA activated under addition of EDC and loaded with SPIONs	Bel-7402	diagnostics	FTIR	196.1 nm (DLS)	[28]
Other carcinomas
folate-BSA-β-carbolinium derivates	BSA covalently linked to photosensitizers (β-carbolinium derivates). FA activated by diimide reagent was added to BSA-β-carbolinium	KB	PDT	UV-MALDI-TOF MS	-	[35]
FA-Dir-BSA NPs	BSA NPs with Dir were conjugated with FA in form of NHS-folate	KB	cell-targeted imaging	UV-Vis	120 nm (TEM)	[36]
Brain tumors
FA-HSA NPs	HSA NPs with conjugated with FA activated with EDC or adsorbed FA	UKF-NB-3, 101/8	chemotherapy	Size exclusion chromatography	239 ± 26 nm for conjugated FA (DLS); 280 ± 92 nm for NPs with adsorbed FA (DLS)	[45]
BSA-SPIONPs with FA and FITC	Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with BSA and conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester. Then FA-BSA-SPIONPs were labeled with FITC	U251	diagnostics, detection	-	from 15 to 20 nm for SPIONS without modifications (TEM)	[75]
Rheumatoid arthritis
FA-ETX-BSA NPs	ETX-BSA NPs conjugated with FA in a form of NHS-ester	-	treatment of rheumatoid arthritis	FTIR	215.8 ± 3.2 nm (DLS)	[37]
MTX-BSA-FA NSPs	BSA NSPs coupled with MTX and conjugated with FA in form of NHS-ester	-	treatment of rheumatoid arthritis	UV-Vis	73.59 ± 19.47 nm (AFM); 84.66 ± 16.85 nm (SEM); 157.48 ± 27.47 nm (DLS)	[76]
FA-HSA NCs with FITC	HSA NCs labeled with FITC conjugated with FA in a form of NHS-ester	-	treatment of rheumatoid arthritis	UV-Vis	443.5 ± 9.0 nm (DLS)	[6]

5FU: 5-fluorouracil; AFM: atomic force microscope; Au NR: gold nanorods; AuNSs: gold nanostars; BA: baicalin; BSA: bovine serum albumin; BSANPs: bovine serum albumin nanoparticles; Ce6: chlorin e6; Cur: curcumin; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; FE-SEM: field emission scanning electron microscopy; Dir: dimethylindole red; DOPE: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DOX: doxorubicin; DLS: dynamic light scattering; DTX: docetaxel; EDAC: 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide; EDC: N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide; ETX: etoricoxib; FA: folic acid; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FR: FA (or folate) receptors; FST: fisetin; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Gem: gemcitabine; GO: graphene oxide nanoparticles; HMSN: mesoporous silica nanoparticle; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; ICG: indocyanine green; IR-780 iodide: 2-[2-[2-Chloro-3-[(1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)ethylidene]-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]ethenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propylindolium; LLS: laser light scattering; LPSA: laser particle size analyzer; MH: magnetic hyperthermia; MNP: magnetic nanoparticles; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MTX: methotrexate; NCs: nanocapsules; ND: nintedanib; NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide; NPs: nanoparticles; NSPs: nanosized and submicron particles (or nano- and submicroparticles); PDT: photodynamic therapy; PEG_2K: polyethylene glycol with nominal Mw 2,000 Da; PTT: photothermal therapy; PTX: paclitaxel (Taxol^®); SPIONs (or SPIONPs): superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; UV-MALDI-TOF MS: ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: UV-Vis spectroscopy; XRD: X-Ray diffraction; -: not applicable. In the table we use abbreviations of the researchers despite in some cases the term “nanoparticles (NPs)” is used for submicroparticles

Declarations

Author contributions

MGG and AVB: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AVT and MIA: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. VSP: Writing—review & editing. DSK: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The work was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) [grant number 22-75-10150]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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