Table Info

Table 1.

Peptides compared to small molecules and large molecules (enzymes, antibodies, microbiome-based biologics)

Molecular size	Advantages	Disadvantages
Small molecules (0.1–1 kDa)	Accessible synthesis (production costs and easy to synthesize) Good cell membrane permeability Oral administration	Lack of diversity Side effects Bad affinity for PPI surface Low specificity
Peptides	Good safety High target selectivity and specificity Non-toxic metabolites Good affinity for PPI surface Low immunogenicity	Low cell membrane permeability Low plasma stability Short half-life
Large molecules	Extended PPI binding Great selectivity	High costs Onco- & immunogenicity

Molecular size

Advantages

Disadvantages

Small molecules (0.1–1 kDa)

Accessible synthesis (production costs and easy to synthesize)
Good cell membrane permeability
Oral administration

Lack of diversity
Side effects
Bad affinity for PPI surface
Low specificity

Peptides

Good safety
High target selectivity and specificity
Non-toxic metabolites
Good affinity for PPI surface
Low immunogenicity

Low cell membrane permeability
Low plasma stability
Short half-life

Large molecules

Extended PPI binding
Great selectivity

High costs
Onco- & immunogenicity

Declaration

Author contributions

MGC, MC, SS, and KK: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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