Table Info

Table 1.

Names, major classifications, and main uses of the 22 approved antimicrobials (2012–2022)

Entry	Antibacterial drug	Approval year	Structural classification (categorization)^a	Main use
1	Bedaquiline	2012	Diarylquinoline (“CI”)	Combination therapy with pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (TB)
2	Dalbavancin	2014	Lipoglycopeptide (“CI”)	Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by designated susceptible strains of Gram-positive microorganisms
3	Tedizolid	2014	Oxazolidinone (“CI”)	ABSSSI caused by designated susceptible bacteria
4	Ceftolozane-tazobactam^b	2014	Cephalosporine and β-lactamase inhibitor (BLI; “CI”)^b	Combination for: complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs); complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs); hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (HABP)
5	Oritavancin	2015	Lipoglycopeptide (“CI”)	ABSSSI by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms
6	Ceftazidime-avicactam^c	2015	Cephalosporine and BLI (“CI”)^c	cIAI; cUTI; HABP
7	Obiltoxaximab	2016	Monoclonal antibody	Directed against the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis
8	Bezlotoxumab	2016	Human monoclonal antibody	Reducing recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
9	Secnidazole	2017	Nitroimidazole (“I”)	Bacterial vaginosis in female patients; treatment of trichomoniasis
10	Delafloxacin	2017	Fluoroquinolone (“CI”)	ABSSSI, community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP)
11	Meropenem-vaborbactam^d	2017	Penem antibacterial and BLI (“CI”)^d	cUTI
12	Ozenoxacin	2017	Quinolone (“CI”)	Topical treatment of impetigo due to Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes
13	Plazomicin	2018	Aminoglycoside (“CI”)	cUTI
14	Eravacycline	2018	Tetracycline (“HI”)	cIAI
15	Sarecycline	2018	Tetracycline	Inflammatory lesions of non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris
16	Omadacycline	2018	Tetracycline (“HI”)	CABP, ABSSSI
17	Rifamycin	2018	Rifamycin (“CI”)	Travelers’ diarrhea caused by noninvasive strains of Escherichia coli
18	Imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam^e	2019	Penem antibacterial, renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor, and BLI (“CI”)^e	cUTI; cIAI; HABP/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP)
19	Pretomanid	2019	First-in-class oxazine	Pulmonary extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)
20	Lefamulin	2019	First-in-class pleuromutilin antibacterial	CABP
21	Cefiderocol	2019	Cephalosporin	cUTI, including pyelonephritis and HABP/VABP
22	Vonoprazan	2022	A potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB)	Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection

^a Categorization according to 2018 WHO’s inform; ^b both drugs are suministred in combination under the name Zerbaxa^® and both are “CI”; ^c both drugs must be together administered under the name Avycaz^® and both are “CI”; ^d both drugs are administered in combination under the name Vabomere^® and both are “CI”; ^e sold under the brand name Recarbrio^® is a fixed-dose combination medication

Declarations

Author contributions

MGC: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—original draft. FS: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. ADM and JMLR: Validation, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The corresponding author MGC is funded by I Plan Propio of University of Malaga (UMA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

References

Werth BJ. Overview of antibacterial drugs [Internet]. Rahway: Merck & Co, Inc.; c2023 [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/overview-of-antibacterial-drugs

Borges A, Saavedra MJ, Simões M. Insights on antimicrobial resistance, biofilms and the use of phytochemicals as new antimicrobial agents. Curr Med Chem. 2015;22:2590–614. [DOI] [PubMed]

Ayaz M, Ullah F, Sadiq A, Ullah F, Ovais M, Ahmed J, et al. Synergistic interactions of phytochemicals with antimicrobial agents: potential strategy to counteract drug resistance. Chem Biol Interact. 2019;308:294–303. [DOI] [PubMed]

Bhattacharjee MK. Chemistry of antibiotics and related drugs. Springer Cham International Publishing; 2016.

Gualerzi CO, Brandi L, Fabbretti A, Pon CL, editors. Antibiotics: targets, mechanisms and resistance. WILEY-VCH Verlag GMBH & Co. KGaA; 2014.

Turner A, Hall J, editors. Antibiotic therapy: new developments. Nova Biomedicals; 2013.

Third progress analysis of implementation of antimicrobial resistance national action plans in the WHO South-East Asia region [Internet]. New Delhi: World Health Organization; c2020 [cited 2023 Dec 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/361822

Ebrahimi M, Akhavan O. Nanomaterials for photocatalytic degradations of analgesic, mucolytic and anti-biotic/viral/inflammatory drugs widely used in controlling SARS-CoV-2. Catalysts. 2022;12:667. [DOI]

Xie M, Gao M, Yun Y, Malmsten M, Rotello VM, Zboril R, et al. Antibacterial nanomaterials: mechanisms, impacts on antimicrobial resistance and design principles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023;62:e202217345. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Andrei S, Droc G, Stefan G. FDA approved antibacterial drugs: 2018-2019. Discoveries (Craiova). 2019;7:e102. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Scifinder.org [Internet]. American Chemical Society; c2023 [cited 2022 Oct 23]. Available from: https://scifinder.cas.org

12.

Eder J, Sedrani R, Wiesmann C. The discovery of first-in-class drugs: origins and evolution. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13:577–87. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

First tuberculosis drug developed by a non-profit begins clinical trials [Internet]. New York: TB Alliance; [cited 2005 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.tballiance.org/news/first-tuberculosis-drug-developed-non-profit-begins-clinical-trials

14.

Keam SJ. Pretomanid: first approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1797–803. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Pretomanid tablets, for oral use [Internet]. Food and Drugs Administration; [cited 2023 Jan 15]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/212862s000lbl.pdf

16.

Liu H, inventor; YaoPu (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. , Ltd. , assignee. A preparation method of premani. CN115385930A. 2022 Nov 25.

17.

Chen W, Zhu L, Ji B, Zhang J, inventors; Suzhou Yumeisheng New Drug Development Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Preparation of nitroimidazopyrans for treatment of extensively drug resistant tuberculosis. CN114249747A. 2022 Mar 29.

18.

Strassfeld DA, Wickens ZK, Picazo E, Jacobsen EN. Highly enantioselective, hydrogen-bond-donor catalyzed additions to oxetanes. J Am Chem Soc. 2020;142:9175–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Marsini MA, Reider PJ, Sorensen EJ. A concise and convergent synthesis of PA-824. J Org Chem. 2010;75:7479–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Chen G, Zhu M, Chen Y, Miao X, Guo M, Jiang N, et al. An efficient and practical protocol for the production of pretomanid (PA-824) via a novel synthetic strategy. Chem Pap. 2020;74:3937–45. [DOI]

21.

McCoy M. One molecule’s journey from discovery to market. Chemical & Engineering News. 2020;98. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Veve MP, Wagner JL. Lefamulin: review of a promising novel pleuromutilin antibiotic. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38:935–46. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Paukner S, Riedl R. Pleuromutilins: potent drugs for resistant bugs—mode of action and resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2017;7:a027110. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Novak R. Are pleuromutilin antibiotics finally fit for human use? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1241:71–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Zhang J, Bai X, inventors; Zhengzhou Yimihua Chiral Drug Research Co. , Ltd., assignee. Process for preparation of lefamulin and intermediates thereof. CN111170893A. 2020 May 19.

26.

Mang R, Heilmayer W, Spence L, inventors; Nabriva Therapeutics AG, assignee. Process for the preparation of pleuromutilins. EP2399904Al. 2011 Dec 28.

27.

Riedl R, Heilmayer W, Spence L, inventors; Nabriva Therapeutics AG, assignee. Process for the preparation of pleuromutilins. EP2399904. 2011 Dec 28.

28.

Werth BJ. Cephalosporins [Internet]. Rahway: Merck & Co, Inc.; c2023 [cited 2022 Dec 14]. Available from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/cephalosporins

29.

Zhanel GG, Golden AR, Zelenitsky S, Wiebe K, Lawrence CK, Adam HJ, et al. Cefiderocol: a siderophore cephalosporin with activity against carbapenem-resistant and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Drugs. 2019;79:271–89. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Page MGP. The role of iron and siderophores in infection, and the development of siderophore antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:S529–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Yokoo K, Fujio K, Shibuya T, Jun S, Aoki T, inventors; Osaka Prefecture Shionogi Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Diazabicyclooctane derivative. WO2019093450A1. 2019 May 16.

32.

Fukuda M, Watanabe K, Kurita K, Yokota Y, Takeo M, Noguchi K, inventors; Shionogi & Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Intermediate of cephalosporin derivatives and method for producing same. WO2016035847A1. 2016 Mar 10.

33.

Nishitani Y, Yamawaki K, Takeoka Y, Sugimoto H, Hisakawa S, Aoki T, inventors; Shionogi & Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Cephalosporin having catechol group. EP2341053A1. 2011 Jul 6.

34.

Yamawaki K, Nomura T, Yasukata T, Uotani K, Miwa H, Takeda K, et al. A novel series of parenteral cephalosporins exhibiting potent activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative pathogens: synthesis and structure–activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007;15:6716–32. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Wirth DD. Carboxylic sulfonic mixed anhydrides: general utility and application to the synthesis of ceftazidime. Tetrahedron. 1993;49:1535–40. [DOI]

36.

Toda A, Ohki H, Yamanaka T, Murano K, Okuda S, Kawabata K, et al. Synthesis and SAR of novel parenteral anti-pseudomonal cephalosporins: discovery of FR264205. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18:4849–52. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Hughes DL. Patent review of manufacturing routes to fifth-generation cephalosporin drugs. Part 1, ceftolozane. Org Process Res Dev. 2017;21:430–43. [DOI]

38.

Yang SW, Pan J, Root Y, Scapin G, Xiao L, Su J. Serendipitous discovery of aryl boronic acids as β-lactamase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2020;30:126795. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Pérez-Llarena FJ, Bou G. β-lactamase inhibitors: the story so far. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16:3740–65. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Ball M, Boyd A, Ensor GJ, Evans M, Golden M, Linke SR, et al. Development of a manufacturing route to avibactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev. 2016;20:1799–805. [DOI]

41.

Mas-Roselló J, Cramer N. Catalytic reduction of oximes to hydroxylamines: current methods, challenges and opportunities. Chemistry. 2022;28:e202103683. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Mangion IK, Ruck RT, Rivera N, Huffman MA, Shevlin M. A concise synthesis of a β-lactamase inhibitor. Org Lett. 2011;13:5480–3. [DOI] [PubMed]

43.

Schomaker JM, Bhattacharjee S, Yan J, Borhan B. Diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure 2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines from 2,3-aziridin-1-ols using a sulfoxonium ylide: a one-carbon homologative relay ring expansion. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:1996–2003. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Lomovskaya O, Sun D, Rubio-Aparicio D, Nelson K, Tsivkovski R, Griffith DC, et al. Vaborbactam: spectrum of beta-lactamase inhibition and impact of resistance mechanisms on activity in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e01443-17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

45.

Kiener PA, Waley SG. Reversible inhibitors of penicillinases. Biochem J. 1978;169:197–204. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Tondi D, Calò S, Shoichet BK, Costi MP. Structural study of phenyl boronic acid derivatives as AmpC β-lactamase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010;20:3416–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Rojas LJ, Taracila MA, Papp-Wallace KM, Bethel CR, Caselli E, Romagnoli C, et al. Boronic acid transition state inhibitors active against KPC and other class a β-lactamases: structure-activity relationships as a guide to inhibitor design. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:1751–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

48.

Hecker S, Boyer S, inventors; Rempex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, assignee. Synthesis of boronate salts and uses thereof. WO2015171430A1. 2015 Nov 12.

49.

Wang B, Qi Y, Xu X, Liu Y, inventors; Xin Fa Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Simple preparation method for vaborbactam. WO2020073850A1. 2020 Apr 16.

50.

Wegner J, Ceylan S, Kirschning A. Flow chemistry – a key enabling technology for (multistep) organic synthesis. Adv Synth Catal. 2012;354:17–57. [DOI]

51.

Stueckler C, Hermsen P, Ritzen B, Vasiloiu M, Poechlauer P, Steinhofer S, et al. Development of a continuous flow process for a Matteson reaction: from lab scale to full-scale production of a pharmaceutical intermediate. Org Process Res Dev. 2019;23:1069–77. [DOI]

52.

Hughes DL. Applications of flow chemistry in drug development: highlights of recent patent literature. Org Process Res Dev. 2018;22:13–20. [DOI]

53.

Matteson DS. Boronic esters in asymmetric synthesis. J Org Chem. 2013;78:10009–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

54.

Zhanel GG, Cheung D, Adam H, Zelenitsky S, Golden A, Schweizer F, et al. Review of eravacycline, a novel fluorocycline antibacterial agent. Drugs. 2016;76:567–88. [DOI] [PubMed]

55.

Ronn M, Zhu Z, Hogan PC, Zhang WY, Niu J, Katz CE, et al. Process R&D of eravacycline: the first fully synthetic fluorocycline in clinical development. Org Process Res Dev. 2013;17:838–45. [DOI]

56.

Charest MG, Lerner CD, Brubaker JD, Siegel DR, Myers AG. A convergent enantioselective route to structurally diverse 6-deoxytetracycline antibiotics. Science. 2005;308:395–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

57.

Donner CD. Tandem Michael–Dieckmann/Claisen reaction of ortho-toluates—the Staunton–Weinreb annulation. Tetrahedron. 2013;69:3747–73. [DOI]

58.

Deeks ED. Sarecycline: first global approval. Drugs. 2019;79:325–9. Erratum in: Drugs. 2019;79:795. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

Giovanni P, Eugenio C, Guiseppe M, Brener M, Lu R, Huang S, et al. inventors; Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc, assignee. Process for making sarecycline hydrochloride. WO2019192614A1. 2019 Oct 10.

60.

Abato P, Assefa H, Berniac J, Bhatia B, Bowser T, Grier M, et al. inventors; Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc, inventors; Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , assignee. Tetracycline derivatives for the treatment of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. WO2008079339A2. 2008 Jul 3.

61.

Honeyman L, Ismail M, Nelson ML, Bhatia B, Bowser TE, Chen J, et al. Structure-activity relationship of the aminomethylcyclines and the discovery of omadacycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:7044–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

62.

Sy WW, Lodge BA, By AW. Aromatic iodination with iodine and silver sulfate. Synth Commun. 1990;20:877–80. [DOI]

63.

Liu J, Yue C, Li F. Palladium(0)-catalyzed carbonylations. In: Gabriele B, editor. Carbon monoxide in organic synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2022. pp. 197–234. [DOI]

64.

Emmerson AM, Jones AM. The quinolones: decades of development and use. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51 Suppl 1:13–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

65.

Candel FJ, Peñuelas M. Delafloxacin: design, development and potential place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:881–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

66.

Mealy NE, Castañer J. ABT-492. Drugs Future. 2002;27:1033. [DOI]

67.

Vila J, Hebert AA, Torrelo A, López Y, Tato M, García-Castillo M, Cantón R. Ozenoxacin: a review of preclinical and clinical efficacy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17:159–68. [DOI] [PubMed]

68.

Nandepu VR, Bathina S, Boppana DP, inventors; Metrochem Api Pvt. Ltd., assignee. Process for the preparation of ozenoxacin. IN201941047184A. 2019 Dec 6.

69.

Heravi MM, Hashemi E. Recent applications of the Suzuki reaction in total synthesis. Tetrahedron. 2012;68:9145–78. [DOI]

70.

Liu X, Ji X, Wang H, inventors; Zhejiang Lover Health Science and Technology Development Co. , Ltd., Zhejiang University of Science and Technology ZUST, assignee. Synthesis method of ozenoxacin. CN111675692A. 2020 Sep 18.

71.

Calvert MB, Furkert DP, Cooper CB, Brimble MA. Synthetic approaches towards bedaquiline and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2020;30:127172. [DOI] [PubMed]

72.

Forge A, Schacht J. Aminoglycoside antibiotics. Audiol Neurotol. 2000;5:3–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

73.

Li JL, Zhang L, Li CY, Peng YK, Wang Y, Lu FX, et al. Optimization of fermentation conditions for sisomicin production by marine Streptomyces sp. GB-2. Food Sci. 2013;34:208–12.Chinese. [DOI]

74.

Saravolatz LD, Stein GE. Plazomicin: a new aminoglycoside. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:704–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

75.

Aggen JB, Armstrong ES, Goldblum AA, Dozzo P, Linsell MS, Gliedt MJ, et al. Synthesis and spectrum of the neoglycoside ACHN-490. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:4636–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Nyirjesy P, Schwebke JR. Secnidazole: next-generation antimicrobial agent for bacterial vaginosis treatment. Future Microbiol. 2018;13:507–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Edwards DI. Mechanism of antimicrobial action of metronidazole. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1979;5:499–502. [DOI] [PubMed]

78.

Hu K, Tan J, Zheng X, inventors; Hunan Jiudian Hongyang Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Method for preparing 5-nitroimidazole drugs by catalyzing small organic molecules. CN111471017A. 2020 Jul 31.

79.

Flick AC, Ding HX, Leverett CA, Kyne RE Jr, Liu KK, Fink SJ, et al. Synthetic approaches to the 2014 new drugs. Bioorg Med Chem. 2016;24:1937–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

80.

Costello CA, Simson JA, Duguid RJ, Phillipson D, inventors; Trius Therapeutics, assignee. Methods for preparing oxazolidinones and compositions containing them. WO2010042887A2. 2010 Apr 15.

81.

Im WB, Choi SH, Park JY, Choi SH, Finn J, Yoon SH. Discovery of torezolid as a novel 5-hydroxymethyl-oxazolidinone antibacterial agent. Eur J Med Chem. 2011;46:1027–39. [DOI] [PubMed]

82.

Farina V, Krishnamurthy V, Scott WJ. The Stille reaction. In: Paquette L, editor. Organic reactions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2004; pp. 1–652. [DOI] [PubMed]

83.

Bujnowski K, Synoradzki L, Dinjus E, Zevaco T, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Zwolska Z. Rifamycin antibiotics—new compounds and synthetic methods. Part 1: study of the reaction of 3-formylrifamycin SV with primary alkylamines or ammonia. Tetrahedron. 2003;59:1885–93. [DOI]

84.

Li X, inventor; Ningxia Taisheng Biotechnology Co. , Ltd. Amycolatopsis mediterranei. CN112410270A. 2021 Feb 26. [DOI] [PubMed]

85.

Krishna PSM, Venkateswarlu G, Pandey A, Rao LV. Biosynthesis of rifamycin SV by Amycolatopsis mediterranei MTCC17 in solid cultures. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003;37:311–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

86.

Mou H, Wang Y, Sun G, Dai J, Wang G, Zhang H. Optimization of culture medium for rifamycin SV production by Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis 22-187. Research J Biotech. 2016;11:1–6.

87.

Newhouse T, Baran PS, Hoffmann RW. The economies of synthesis†. Chem Soc Rev. 2009;38:3010–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

88.

Turks M, Huang X, Vogel P. Expeditious asymmetric synthesis of a stereoheptad corresponding to the C(19)–C(27)-ansa chain of rifamycins: formal total synthesis of Rifamycin S. Chemistry. 2005;11:465–76. [DOI] [PubMed]

89.

Yu QY, Zeng H, Yao K, Li JQ, Liu Y. Novel and practical synthesis of vonoprazan fumarate. Synth Commun. 2017;47:1169–74. [DOI]

90.

Wang N, Chen L, Li X, Jia Y, Zhu S, Zhang X, inventors; Nanjing Weichuangyuan Pharmaceutical Technology Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Preparation of high purity vonoprazan fumarate. CN115232107A. 2022 Oct 25.

91.

Wang X, Luo L, Wang H, Pan T, inventors; Rizhao Zhengji Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. , assignee. Simple and cost-effective preparation method of high-purity vonoprazan fumarate. CN114539219A. 2022 May 27.

92.

Yu M, Wen Z, inventors; Nanjing Bestier Biomedical Co. , Ltd., assignee. New method for one-step synthesis of vonoprazan. CN110272409A. 2019 Sep 24.

93.

Zhang F, Chen J, Zhang H, Ni Y, Liang X. The study on the dechlorination of OCDD with Pd/C catalyst in ethanol–water solution under mild conditions. Chemosphere. 2007;68:1716–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

94.

Glycopeptide antibiotic [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2022 Nov 5]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/glycopeptide-antibiotic

95.

Ashford PA, Bew SP. Recent advances in the synthesis of new glycopeptide antibiotics. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41:957–78. [DOI] [PubMed]

96.

Cooper RDG, Snyder NJ, Zweifel MJ, Staszak MA, Wilkie SC, Nicas TI, et al. Reductive alkylation of glycopeptide antibiotics: synthesis and antibacterial activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1996;49:575–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Fromtling RA, Castañer J. LY-333328. Drugs Future. 1998;23:17–23. [DOI]

98.

Alt S, Bernasconi A, Sosio M, Brunati C, Donadio S, Maffioli SI. Toward single-peak dalbavancin analogs through biology and chemistry. ACS Chem Biol. 2019;14:356–60. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Malabarba A, Donadio S. BI 397. Drugs Future. 1999;24:839. [DOI]