Table Info

Table 1.

Mechanisms of bacterial resistance

Type of resistance	Cause	Resulting phenotype
Acquired [29]	Mutations, horizontal gene transfer	Acquired antibiotic resistance in MDR and XDR strains (β-lactamase production, colistin resistance, polymyxin resistance…)
Adaptive [27, 28]	Temporary change in phenotype due to environmental causes, quickly reversible	Efflux pump upregulation
Intrinsic [30]	Resistance not caused by acquired or adaptive abilities	Outer membrane, efflux pump, biofilm

Declarations

Author contributions

COS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SJS: Validation, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

COS and SJS were financially supported by the National Institutes of Health Grant [1R01AI148570-01]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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