Table Info

Table 3.

Summary of mentioned lipopeptide vaccine adjuvants

Name (abbreviation)	Source	Application
Pam₃CSK₄	Modification of MALP-2 (Mycoplasma fermentas)	Vaccine adjuvant, TLR1/TLR2 heterodimer agonist; tumor cytotoxicity [52]; used in various vaccines [53–60]
Pam₂CSK₄	Modification of MALP-2 (Mycoplasma fermentas)	Vaccine adjuvant, TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer agonist; used in various vaccines [53, 58, 61–63]; clinical trials: phase 1/2a in PUL-042, a prophylactic and therapeutic drug used against bacterial and viral pulmonary infections [64]
35d	Modifications of Pam₂CSK₄	TLR2 agonist [65]
(2S,5S,8S,14R,18R)-2,5,8-tris(4-aminobutyl)-4,7,10,13,21-pentaoxo-14-palmitamido-18-[(tetradecylcarbamoyl)oxy]-20-oxa-16-thia-3,6,9,12,22-pentaazahexatriacontan-1-oic acid (SUP3)	Modifications of Pam₃CSK₄	Vaccine adjuvant (tumor model); TLR2 agonist [66]
Pam₂CS(OMe) R&S: 8a R: 8b S: 8c	Structure optimization of Pam₂CSK₄/Pam₃CSK₄ [67, 68]	Vaccine adjuvant (influenza) [68]; TLR2/6 agonist
NAc-Pam₂CS(OMe) R&S: 9a R: 9b S: 9c	Structure optimization of Pam₂CSK₄/Pam₃CSK₄ [67, 68]	TLR2/6 agonist
R₄Pam₂Cys^B	Structure optimization of Pam₂CSK₄/Pam₃CSK₄ [69] R:	Vaccine adjuvant [ovalbumin (OVA)]; TLR2 agonist [69]
R₄Pam₂Cys^P
R₄Pam₂Cys^L
Lipid core peptide (LCP)	N/A	TLR2, self-adjuvanting antigen carrier used against group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections [70–72]
L1	Conjugation of LCP to universal Th cell epitope P25 and GAS epitope J14	Self-adjuvanting vaccine [70, 71]
lipoKALA	N/A	Vaccine adjuvant used in combination with L1 to obtain J8-specific opsonizing antibodies upon vaccination [72, 73]
AG2-C₁₆	N/A	Self-adjuvanting vaccine carrier [bovine serum albumin (BSA)] [74]
PamadiFectin	Modification of Pam₂CSK₄	TLR2/TLR7 agonist [75]
Fibroblast stimulating lipopeptide 1 (FSL-1)	Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes)	TLR2 agonist, vaccine adjuvant used against GAS [76]
Cyclic decapeptide carrier (CDC) and lipopeptide adjuvant KKSS-C16-C16-NH₂	N/A	Vaccine adjuvant system used against GAS [77–79]
LP1	Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) adhesin A	TLR2 agonist, vaccine adjuvant against H. pylori [80, 81]
LP2	Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) adhesin A	TLR2 agonist, vaccine adjuvant against H. pylori [80, 81]

Declarations

Author contributions

COS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SJS: Validation, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

COS and SJS were financially supported by the National Institutes of Health Grant [1R01AI148570-01]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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