Bioactive molecules present in the S. adstringens hydroalcoholic extract previously characterized by Pellenz et al. [7] and its potential immunomodulatory action on transmissible and/or non-transmissible conditions
| Bioactive molecules | Concentration (mg/g) | Scientific evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Gallic acid | 12.48 ± 0.05 | Attenuation of NF-κβ and MAPK signaling pathways and several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [19–21]. Potential cosmetic and dermatological effects involving immunomodulation [22]. |
| Caffeic acid | 8.06 ± 0.02 | Potential anti-inflammatory effect on cancer, neurological diseases, and diabetes complications involving attenuation of NF-κβ and TNF-α levels [23, 24]. |
| Quercetin | 8.16 ± 0.04 | Potential anti-inflammatory molecule [25]. Reduction in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis [26]. Regulation of the TGF-β, α-SMA, ROS, and p-AMPK pathways associated with the inflammatory status of liver fibrosis [27]. Genomic effects on expression of genes and activity of signaling pathways associated with inflammatory status [28]. Therapeutic role in the management of diabetic wounds [29]. |
| Rutin | 4.71 ± 0.01 | Antidiabetic effect involving attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines [30]. Rutin reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-6 blocking NF-κβ and activating MAPK pathways that improve metabolic function [31]. |
| Kampferol | 1.37 ± 0.01 | Potential anti-inflammatory molecule [24]. Action on inflammatory status associated with neurodegenerative diseases [32]. |
| CatechinEGCG | 5.93 ± 0.013.27 ± 0.02 | Potential anti-inflammatory molecule [24]. Attenuation of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases involving anti-inflammatory action. Beneficial effect on wound healing involving anti-inflammatory action [32, 33]. |
NF-κβ; nuclear factor-kappa beta; MAPK; mitogen-activated protein kinase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin; p-AMPK: 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase; EGCG: (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
