Table Info

Table 2.

Other natural products (NPs) with immunomodulatory effects

Source	Taxonomic species	NP	References
Fungi	Cordyceps sinensis	Cordycepin	[76, 77]
Insects	Apis mellifera	Propolis	[78, 79]
Various species	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	[80, 81]
Algae	Spirulina platensis	Phycocyanin	[82, 83]
Marine organisms	Haliotis diversicolor	Abalone Haliotis peptide	[84, 85]
	Sargassum fusiform	Fucoidans	[86, 87]
	Algae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, and crayfish	Astaxanthin	[88, 89]
Cartilage	Shark and bovine cartilage	Chondroitin sulfate	[90, 91]
Fish	Fish oil	Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)	[92, 93]

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Department of Health Research (DHR), Government of India, Women Scientist Scheme (File No.R.12013/21/2022-HR dated 30/03/2022), which enabled the completion of this review paper. Additionally, we extend our gratitude to the University of Kerala for its institutional support. We sincerely appreciate the resources and facilities provided by both institutions that contributed to the successful completion of this work.

Author contributions

MGP: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HA: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was supported by Women Scientist Scheme, Department of Health Research (DHR), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India [File No.R.12013/21/2022-HR]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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