Table Info

Table 3.

Total phenolic content (µg GAE/mL), total flavonoid content (µg CE/mL) and total antioxidant capacity of extracts (µg AAE/mL)

Extract	Total phenolic content (µg GAE/mL)	Total flavonoid content (µg CE/mL)	Total antioxidant capacity (µg AAE/mL)
Acetone extract of E. purpurea	54.97 ± 0.0419	88.95 ± 0.0710	126.38 ± 0.0780
Acetone extract of A. officinalis	96.45 ± 0.0321	54.28 ± 0.0141	50.91 ± 0.0294
Acetone extract of R. canina	181.33 ± 0.0946	48.63 ± 0.0596	81.58 ± 0.0618
Acetone extract of G. glabra	273.45 ± 0.0932	119.55 ± 0.0766	87.88 ± 0.0434
Chloroform extract of E. purpurea	20.09 ± 0.0103	16.71 ± 0.0424	101.96 ± 0.0372
Chloroform extract of A. officinalis	87.72 ± 0.0541	58.7 ± 0.0124	247.28 ± 0.0557
Chloroform extract of R. canina	17.03 ± 0.0129	30.81 ± 0.0129	208.26 ± 0.0200
Chloroform extract of G. glabra	58.51 ± 0.0396	65.05 ± 0.080	178.88 ± 0.0327

AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent; CE: catechin equivalent; GAE: gallic acid equivalent. All values are shown as mean ± standard deviation

Declarations

Author contributions

SA: Data curation, Writing—original draft, Resources, Investigation, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there is no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Requests for accessing the datasets should be directed to Sinem Aydin, sinem.aydin@giresun.edu.tr.

Funding

This study is financially supported by Giresun University Scientific Project [FEN-BAP-A-250221-51]. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

References

Mahmood MH, Osama AK, Makky EA, Rahim MH, Ali NHM, Hazrudin ND. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of some plant extracts and their mixtures. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2019;346:012003. [DOI]

Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Bazzaz BSF. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:118. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Kasote DM, Katyare SS, Hegde MV, Bae H. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Sci. 2015;11:982–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Winther K, Warholm L, Campbell-Tofte J, Marstrand K. Effect of Rosa canina L. (Rose-hip) on cold during winter season in a middle-class population: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Herbal Med. 2018;13:34–41. [DOI]

Polumackanycz M, Kaszuba M, Konopacka A, Marzec-Wróblewska U, Wesolowski M, Waleron K, et al. Phenolic Composition and Biological Properties of Wild and Commercial Dog Rose Fruits and Leaves. Molecules. 2020;25:5272. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Echinacea: 6 Health Benefits & How to Use (including Tea Recipe) [Internet]. Tua Saúde; c2007–2024 [cited 2024 May 25]. Available from: https://www.tuasaude.com/en/echinacea/

Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S. Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9:63–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Amini M. Proteomics and Biological Evaluation of Marshmallow (Althea officinalis) Seeds [dissertation]. Orange (CA): Chapman University; 2019. [DOI]

Sharma V, Katiyar A, Agrawal RC. Glycyrrhiza glabra: Chemistry and pharmacological activity. Sweeteners. 2017;31:87–100. [DOI] [PMC]

10.

Murugan RT, Parimelazhagan T. Comparative evaluation of different extraction methods for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. – An in vitro approach. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2014;26:267–5. [DOI]

11.

Versalovic J, editor. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology Press; 2011. [DOI]

12.

Ljubiša ŠĆ, Ivana ČS, Bojana BM, Aleksandra MČ, Marijana SB, Dragana PV. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Serbia. Food Process Qual Safety. 2009;1:1–5.

13.

Yiğit D, Yiğit N, Aktaş E, Özgen U. Antimicrobial activity of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2009;39:7–11. Turkish.

14.

Slinkard K, Singleton VL. Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods. Am J Enol Viticult. 1977;28:49–55. [DOI]

15.

Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999;64:555–9. [DOI]

16.

Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 1999;269:337–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 1995;28:25–30. [DOI]

18.

Arnao MB, Cano A, Acosta M. The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 2001;73:239–44. [DOI]

19.

Deveci HA, Nur G, Ali Kırpık M, Harmankaya A, Yıldız Y. Fenolik bileşik içeren bitkisel antioksidanlar. Kafkas Univ Inst Nat a Appl Sci J. 2016;9:26–32. Turkish.

20.

Karakaya S, El SN. Flavonoids and Health. J Nutr Diet. 1997;26:54–60. Turkish.

21.

Tongur T. Investigation of the composition and antioxidant activity of Daphne sericea and Daphne gnidioides [dissertation]. Antalya: Akdeniz Üniversitesi; 2014.

22.

Taştekin B. An investigation of antioxidant capacity and antibacterial potential of rosehip fruits grown in Samsun and surroundings [Internet]. [cited 2017 Dec 14]. Turkish. Available from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=WJorupPbx2s7bpE00fGqRQ&no=kUfgjt4g5dUjHGIDj_bEEA

23.

Berber İ, Avşar C, Çine N, Bozkurt N, Elmas E. Sinop’da yetişen bazı bitkilerin metanolik ekstraktlarının antibakteriyal ve antifungal aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Karaelmas Sci Eng J. 2013;3:10–6. Turkish.

24.

Hassan RA, Ali SM, Mohamed AH, Hamed SE. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Echinacea purpurea L. extracts. J Agricult Chem Biotechnol. 2020;11:279–83. [DOI]

25.

Stanisavljevic I, Stojičević S, Veličković D, Veljković V, Lazić M. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.) Extracts Obtained by Classical and Ultrasound Extraction. Chin J Chem Eng. 2009;17:478–83. [DOI]

26.

Lateef Al-Awsi GR, Alsudani AA, Omran FK. The antibacterial activity of Althaea officinalis L. methanolic extract against some nosocomial pathogens in vitro and in vivo. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2021;790:012013. [DOI]

27.

Durmaz H, Hülül M, Celık H. Meyan (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) bitkisinin antibakteriyel ve antioksidan aktiviteleri. Harran Univ J Fac of Vet Med. 2018;7:37–41. [DOI]

28.

Mohammed FS, Korkmaz N, Doğan M, Şabık AE, Sevindik M. Some medicinal properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice). J Fac Pharm Ankara Uni. 2021;45:524–34. [DOI]

29.

Pehlivan M, Mohammed FS, Sevindik M, Akgül H. Antioxidant and oxidant potential of Rosa canina. Eurosian J Forest Sci. 2018;6:22–5. [DOI]

30.

Çömlekcioğlu N, Dağlı F, Çömlekcioğlu F, Aygan A. Antioxidant capacity and some phytochemical properties of Cornus mas and Rosa canina fruits. Turkish J Agricult Food Sci Technol. 2022;10:1724–31. [DOI]

31.

Erenler R, Telci I, Ulutas M, Demirtas I, Gul F, Elmastas M, et al. Chemical constituents, quantitative analysis and antioxidant activities of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Food Chem. 2015;39:622–30. [DOI]

32.

Elmastas M, Ozturk L, Gokce I, Erener R, Aboul-Enein HY. Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Marshmallow Flower (Althaea officinalis L.). Anal Lett. 2004;37:1859–69. [DOI]

33.

Xue TT, Yang YG, Tang ZS, Duan JA, Song ZX, Hu XH, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, nitric oxide production inhibitory activities and chemical profiles of the active extracts from the medicinal and edible plant: Althaea officinalis. Food Res Int. 2022;156:111166. [DOI]

34.

Babich O, Ivanova S, Ulrikh E, Popov A, Larina V, Frolov A, et al. Study of the Chemical Composition and Biologically Active Properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra Extracts. Life. 2022;12:1772. [DOI]

35.

Chopra PKPG, Saraf BD, Inam F, Deo SS. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of methanol extract roots of Glycyrrhıza glabra and HPLC analysis. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5:157–60.