Table Info

Table 1.

List of major classes and subclasses of phytochemicals and other sources

Major class	Subclass	Compounds	Source
Polyphenols-flavonoids	Flavanols	Catechins, proanthocyanidins, epigallocatechin	Apricots, apples, peaches, green tea, and chocolate
	Flavonols	Kaempferol, quercitin	Broccoli, onions, radish, and blueberries
	Flavones	Luteolin, apigenin	Celery, lettuce, and capsicum peppers
	Isoflavones	Genistein, daidzein	Soya and its processed products
	Flavanones	Hesperetin, naringenin	Citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruits
	Anthocyanidin	Cyanidin, delphinidin	Red wine, berry fruits, and colored fruits
Polyphenols-non-flavonoids	Lignans	Pinoresinol	Flaxseeds and sesame seeds
	Stilbenes	Resveratrol	Grapes, pomegranate, berries
	Phenolic acids	Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, vanillic acid	Coffee, berries, onions, cereals, and legumes
	Curcumins	Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, cyclic curcumin	Rhizomes of turmeric
Saponins	Cycloartane saponins	Uttroside B, timosaponin A-III	Medicinal plants
	Dammarane saponins
	Oleananes
	Spirostanes
	Furostanes
Terpenes	Monoterpenoids	Thymoquinone	Nigella sativa
	Diterpenoids	Paclitaxel	Bark of the Pacific yew tree
	Triterpenoids	Ursolic acid	Marjoram leaves, oregano leaves, rosemary, and wax layer of edible fruits
	Triterpenoids	Cucurbitacin	Cucurbitaceae plants
Alkaloids		Tryptanthrin	Bacteria, fungi, and plants like Couroupita guianensis, Wrightia tinctoria
		Cepharanthine	Stephania tubers
		Oxysophocarpine	Robinia genus plants
Miscellaneous compounds	Organosulfur compounds	Sulforaphane, allicin, isothiocyanates	Garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage
Miscellaneous compounds	Polysaccharides	Pectin	Citrus fruits and apples

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India for the funding. We thank Dr Kavitha A. K. for the help rendered in generating high resolution images of chemical structures of the compounds in the manuscript.

Author contributions

SCS, MPJ, and TPR: Investigation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. SUA and CKK: Visualization. AA: Writing—original draft. NI: Writing—review & editing. RJA: Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. The final version of the manuscript was read and approved by all authors.

Conflicts of interest

Noah Isakov who is the Editorial Board Member and Guest Editor of Exploration of Drug Science, and Ruby John Anto who is the Guest Editor of Exploration of Drug Science, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) – India [Grant No. CSIR – (60(0124)/20/EMR-II)]. The data collection for this manuscript was facilitated through the support of the CSIR India. The funders had no role in study design, data analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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