Fungal species associated with allergic asthma from various routes of sensitization

Fungal generaFungal speciesAllergensActivityRoute of exposureType of asthmaReferences
Aspergillus spp.

A. fumigatus

A. nidulans

A. versicolor

A. flavus

A. niger

A. terreus

Asp f 1

Asp f 3

Asp f 11

Asp f 22

Asp n 14

Asp t 36

Ribotoxin

Peroxisomal membrane protein

Protein

Enolase

InhalationABPA[2831, 5255]
Alternaria spp.A. alternataAlt a 4

Trasporter, disams defense

Protein initiation factor

Thioredoxin

InhalationBronchial asthma[17, 32, 5557]
Cladosporium spp.

C. cladosporioides

C. herbarum

Clac h8

Clac c14

Clac c9

Peroxisomal protein

Transaldolase

Mannitol dehydrogenase

InhalationAllergic asthma[3335, 55]
Malassezia spp.

M. globosa

M. furfur

M. sympodialis

M. restricta

M. japonica

MGL_1304

Mala f 2–4

Mala s 1–11

Mala Ex

Unknown

Stress responses

Protease activity

Vesicle trafficking and innate immune activation

Skin contact

Inhalation

Ingestion

Allergic respiratory disease[36, 37, 58]
Cryptococcus spp.C. neoformans

Chitin

Chitosan

Immune activation

CNS invasion

InhalationTh2-type asthma[38, 39, 58]
Trichophyton spp.

T. interdigitale

T. tonsurans

T. mentagrophytes

Trit 1

Trit 4

Enzymatic activity

Sporulation

Skin contactSAFS[40, 55]

Asp f: Aspergillus fumigatus; Asp n: Aspergillus niger; Asp t: Aspergillus terreus; Alt a: Alternaria alternata; Clac h: Cladosporium herbarum; Clac c: Cladosporium cucumerinum; Trit: Trichophyton; CNS: central nervous system; spp.: species

Note. Adapted from “Environment and host-genetic determinants in early development of allergic asthma: contribution of fungi,” by Hadebe S, Brombacher F. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2696 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02696). CC-BY.