Table Info

Table 1.

Algae used in atopic eczema therapy

Species	Compounds	Activity	References
Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) Lithothamnium (Rhodophyta)	Silver-loaded seaweed-based cellulosic fiber	Improves epidermal skin physiology in AD in an in vivo study	[98]
Capsosiphon fulvescens (Chlorophyta)	Seaweed extract	Extract (200 mg/mouse) inhibited the development of AD symptom	[99]
Chlorella stigmatophora (Chlorophyta)	Crude polysaccharide extract	Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities	[100]
Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae)	Phlorotannins	Anti-inflammatory activities	[101]
Eisenia nipponica (Phaeophyceae)	Phlorotannins	Alleviate allergic inflammation in AD	[102]
Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae)	Fucoidan	Topical skin brightening and anti-aging formulations	[103]
Haematococcus lacustris (Chlorophyta)	Astaxanthin	In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities	[104]
Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta)	Carrageenan	Antioxidant and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities	[105]
Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae)	80% methanolic extract	Sterols provide a promising role in future medicines with anti-inflammatory activity	[106]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae)	Crude polysaccharide extract	Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities	[107]
Sargassum horneri (Phaeophyceae)	Polyphenol-rich extracts	Alleviates AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice	[108]
Sargassum plagiophyllum (Phaeophyceae)	Alginate	Antioxidant and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities	[105]
Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyceae)	Phlorotannins	Topical application alleviated symptoms by activating anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress and by promoting the healing process	[101]
Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae)	Extract	Skin-protecting and anti-aging properties	[103]

Declarations

Author contributions

LP and AV: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Yu W, Freeland DMH, Nadeau KC. Food allergy: immune mechanisms, diagnosis and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:751–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Pedersen CJ, Uddin MJ, Saha SK, Darmstadt GL. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma and rhinitis from infancy through adulthood in rural Bangladesh: a population-based, cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e042380. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Maeda K, Caldez MJ, Akira S. Innate immunity in allergy. Allergy. 2019;74:1660–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Holgate ST, Wenzel S, Postma DS, Weiss ST, Renz H, Sly PD. Asthma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15025. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Small P, Keith PK, Kim H. Allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14:51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Kapur S, Watson W, Carr S. Atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14:52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Han H, Roan F, Ziegler SF. The atopic march: current insights into skin barrier dysfunction and epithelial cell-derived cytokines. Immunol Rev. 2017;278:116–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Akdis CA, Arkwright PD, Brüggen MC, Busse W, Gadina M, Guttman-Yassky E, et al. Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs. Allergy. 2020;75:1582–605. [DOI] [PubMed]

Hong S, Son DK, Lim WR, Kim SH, Kim H, Yum HY, et al. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis and the comorbidity of allergic diseases in children. Environ Health Toxicol. 2012;27:e2012006. [DOI]

10.

Lee SL, Lau YL, Wong WH, Tian LW. Childhood wheeze, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Hong Kong ISAAC study from 1995 to 2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:16503. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD, Nomura I, Hamid QA. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:651–7. [DOI]

12.

Abdullah B, Abdul Latiff AH, Manuel AM, Mohamed Jamli F, Dalip Singh HS, Ismail IH, et al. Pharmacological management of allergic rhinitis: a consensus statement from the Malaysian Society of Allergy and Immunology. J Asthma Allergy. 2022;15:983–1003. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Ghosh S, Sarkar T, Pati S, Kari ZA, Edinur HA, Chakraborty R. Novel bioactive compounds from marine sources as a tool for functional food development. Front Mar Sci. 2022;9:832957. [DOI]

14.

Wainwright CL, Teixeira MM, Adelson DL, Buenz EJ, David B, Glaser KB, et al. Future directions for the discovery of natural product-derived immunomodulating drugs: an IUPHAR positional review. Pharmacol Res. 2022;177:106076. Erratum in: Pharmacol Res. 2022;180:106207. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Olsthoorn SEM, Wang X, Tillema B, Vanmierlo T, Kraan S, Leenen PJM, et al. Brown seaweed food supplementation: effects on allergy and inflammation and its consequences. Nutrients. 2021;13:2613. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Trikamjee T, Comberiati P, D’Auria E, Peroni D, Zuccotti GV. Nutritional factors in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children. Front Pediatr. 2021;8:577413. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Choudhary B, Chauhan OP, Mishra A. Edible seaweeds: a potential novel source of bioactive metabolites and nutraceuticals with human health benefits. Front Mar Sci. 2021;8:740054. [DOI]

18.

Mendes MC, Navalho S, Ferreira A, Paulino C, Figueiredo D, Silva D, et al. Algae as food in Europe: an overview of species diversity and their application. Foods. 2022;11:1871. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Chénais B. Algae and microalgae and their bioactive molecules for human health. Molecules. 2021;26:1185. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Quitério E, Soares C, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. Marine health-promoting compounds: recent trends for their characterization and human applications. Foods. 2021;10:3100. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Begum R, Howlader S, Mamun-Or-Rashid ANM, Rafiquzzaman SM, Ashraf GM, Albadrani GM, et al. Antioxidant and signal-modulating effects of brown seaweed-derived compounds against oxidative stress-associated pathology. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:9974890. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Elbandy M. Anti-inflammatory effects of marine bioactive compounds and their potential as functional food ingredients in the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders. Molecules. 2022;28:2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Bizzaro G, Vatland AK, Pampanin DM. The One-Health approach in seaweed food production. Environ Int. 2022;158:106948. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Cotas J, Gomes L, Pacheco D, Pereira L. Ecosystem services provided by seaweeds. Hydrobiology. 2023;2:75–96. [DOI]

25.

Ampofo J, Abbey L. Microalgae: bioactive composition, health benefits, safety and prospects as potential high-value ingredients for the functional food industry. Foods. 2022;11:1744. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Jaworowska A, Murtaza A. Seaweed derived lipids are a potential anti-inflammatory agent: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;20:730. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation. Immunol Rev. 2011;242:233–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Yaneva M, Darlenski R. The link between atopic dermatitis and asthma- immunological imbalance and beyond. Asthma Res Pract. 2021;7:16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Frew AJ. The immunology of respiratory allergies. Toxicol Lett. 1996;86:65–72. [DOI]

30.

Banafea GH, Bakhashab S, Alshaibi HF, Natesan Pushparaj P, Rasool M. The role of human mast cells in allergy and asthma. Bioengineered. 2022;13:7049–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Galli SJ, Tsai M, Piliponsky AM. The development of allergic inflammation. Nature. 2008;454:445–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Costanzo G, Costanzo GAML, Del Moro L, Nappi E, Pelaia C, Puggioni F, et al. Mast cells in upper and lower airway diseases: sentinels in the front line. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:9771. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

33.

Hesse L, Oude Elberink JNG, van Oosterhout AJM, Nawijn MC. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic airway diseases: Use lessons from the past to design a brighter future. Pharmacol Ther. 2022;237:108115. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Yang G, Seok JK, Kang HC, Cho YY, Lee HS, Lee JY. Skin barrier abnormalities and immune dysfunction in atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:2867. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N. Atopic dermatitis: identification and management of complicating factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:2671. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Wollenberg A, Räwer HC, Schauber J. Innate immunity in atopic dermatitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011;41:272–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Chieosilapatham P, Kiatsurayanon C, Umehara Y, Trujillo-Paez JV, Peng G, Yue H, et al. Keratinocytes: innate immune cells in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2021;204:296–309. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Kumar S, Jeong Y, Ashraf MU, Bae YS. Dendritic cell-mediated Th2 immunity and immune disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2159. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Supriya R, Gao Y, Gu Y, Baker JS. Role of exercise intensity on Th1/Th2 immune modulations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Immunol. 2021;12:761382. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Zheng H, Zhang Y, Pan J, Liu N, Qin Y, Qiu L, et al. The role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic diseases. Front Immunol. 2021;12:586078. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Oparaugo NC, Ouyang K, Nguyen NPN, Nelson AM, Agak GW. Human regulatory T cells: understanding the role of Tregs in select autoimmune skin diseases and post-transplant nonmelanoma skin cancers. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:1527. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Holgate ST, Polosa R. Treatment strategies for allergy and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:218–30. [DOI] [PubMed]

43.

Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu L, Liu J, Wang L, et al. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:138. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

44.

Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9:7204–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

45.

Ansar W, Ghosh S. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases, markers, and mediators: role of CRP in some inflammatory diseases. In: Ansar W, Ghosh S, editors. Biology of C reactive protein in health and disease. New Delhi: Springer India; 2016. pp. 67–107. [DOI] [PMC]

46.

Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25:1822–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP, Malik AB. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:1126–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

48.

Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, Chen Y, Zhou M, Wu Y, et al. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:263. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Leyane TS, Jere SW, Houreld NN. Oxidative stress in ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies: molecular mechanisms involved in counteracting oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:7273. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Lee HJ, Hong YJ, Kim M. Angiogenesis in chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:12035. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Nigam M, Mishra AP, Deb VK, Dimri DB, Tiwari V, Bungau SG, et al. Evaluation of the association of chronic inflammation and cancer: insights and implications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;164:115015. [DOI] [PubMed]

52.

Ramos-Lopez O, Milagro FI, Riezu-Boj JI, Martinez JA. Epigenetic signatures underlying inflammation: an interplay of nutrition, physical activity, metabolic diseases, and environmental factors for personalized nutrition. Inflamm Res. 2021;70:29–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

53.

Iddir M, Brito A, Dingeo G, Fernandez Del Campo SS, Samouda H, La Frano MR, et al. Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: considerations during the COVID-19 crisis. Nutrients. 2020;12:1562. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

54.

Margină D, Ungurianu A, Purdel C, Tsoukalas D, Sarandi E, Thanasoula M, et al. Chronic inflammation in the context of everyday life: dietary changes as mitigating factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4135. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

55.

Biris-Dorhoi ES, Michiu D, Pop CR, Rotar AM, Tofana M, Pop OL, et al. Macroalgae—a sustainable source of chemical compounds with biological activities. Nutrients. 2020;12:3085. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Xu J, Liao W, Liu Y, Guo Y, Jiang S, Zhao C. An overview on the nutritional and bioactive components of green seaweeds. Food Prod Process Nutr. 2023;5:18. [DOI]

57.

Pereira L. Edible seaweeds of the world. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016.

58.

Sultana F, Wahab MA, Nahiduzzaman M, Mohiuddin M, Iqbal MZ, Shakil A, et al. Seaweed farming for food and nutritional security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and women empowerment: a review. Aquacult Fish. 2023;8:463–80. [DOI]

59.

Peñalver R, Lorenzo JM, Ros G, Amarowicz R, Pateiro M, Nieto G. Seaweeds as a functional ingredient for a healthy diet. Mar Drugs. 2020;18:301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

60.

AlFadhly NKZ, Alhelfi N, Altemimi AB, Verma DK, Cacciola F, Narayanankutty A. Trends and technological advancements in the possible food applications of Spirulina and their health benefits: a review. Molecules. 2022;27:5584. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

61.

Leandro A, Pereira L, Gonçalves AMM. Diverse applications of marine macroalgae. Mar Drugs. 2019;18:17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

62.

Thiviya P, Gamage AS, Gama-Arachchige NS, Merah O, Madhujith T. Seaweeds as a source of functional proteins. Phycology. 2022;2:216–43. [DOI]

63.

Cho CH, Lu YA, Kim MY, Jeon YJ, Lee SH. Therapeutic potential of seaweed-derived bioactive compounds for cardiovascular disease treatment. Appl Sci. 2022;12:1025. [DOI]

64.

de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AM, de Morais RM. Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs. 2015;13:2967–3028. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

65.

Dagnino-Leone J, Figueroa CP, Castañeda ML, Youlton AD, Vallejos-Almirall A, Agurto-Muñoz A, et al. Phycobiliproteins: structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2022;20:1506–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

66.

Cotas J, Leandro A, Monteiro P, Pacheco D, Figueirinha A, Gonçalves AMM, et al. Seaweed phenolics: from extraction to applications. Mar Drugs. 2020;18:384. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

67.

Adarme-Vega TC, Lim DK, Timmins M, Vernen F, Li Y, Schenk PM. Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microb Cell Fact. 2012;11:96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

68.

Din NAS, Mohd Alayudin ‘AS, Sofian-Seng NS, Rahman HA, Mohd Razali NS, Lim SJ, et al. Brown algae as functional food source of fucoxanthin: a review. Foods. 2022;11:2235. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

69.

Arora N, Philippidis GP. The prospects of algae-derived vitamins and their precursors for sustainable cosmeceuticals. Processes. 2023;11:587. [DOI]

70.

Koyande AK, Chew KW, Rambabu K, Tao Y, Chu DT, Show PL. Microalgae: a potential alternative to health supplementation for humans. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2019;8:16–24. [DOI]

71.

Pradhan B, Nayak R, Patra S, Jit BP, Ragusa A, Jena M. Bioactive metabolites from marine algae as potent pharmacophores against oxidative stress-associated human diseases: a comprehensive review. Molecules. 2020;26:37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

72.

Menaa F, Wijesinghe U, Thiripuranathar G, Althobaiti NA, Albalawi AE, Khan BA, et al. Marine algae-derived bioactive compounds: a new wave of nanodrugs? Mar Drugs. 2021;19:484. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

73.

Lomartire S, Gonçalves AMM. An overview of potential seaweed-derived bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs. 2022;20:141. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

74.

Bocanegra A, Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Whole alga, algal extracts, and compounds as ingredients of functional foods: composition and action mechanism relationships in the prevention and treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:3816. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Conde T, Lopes D, Łuczaj W, Neves B, Pinto B, Maurício T, et al. Algal lipids as modulators of skin disease: a critical review. Metabolites. 2022;12:96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Martins B, Vieira M, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C, Soares C. Biological potential, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability of algae-derived compounds with neuroprotective activity: a comprehensive review. Mar Drugs. 2022;20:362. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

77.

Tan PX, Thiyagarasaiyar K, Tan CY, Jeon YJ, Nadzir MSM, Wu YJ, et al. Algae-derived anti-inflammatory compounds against particulate matters-induced respiratory diseases: a systematic review. Mar Drugs. 2021;19:317. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Yang N, Zhang Q, Chen J, Wu S, Chen R, Yao L, et al. Study on bioactive compounds of microalgae as antioxidants in a bibliometric analysis and visualization perspective. Front Plant Sci. 2023;14:1144326. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

79.

Michalak I, Tiwari R, Dhawan M, Alagawany M, Farag MR, Sharun K, et al. Antioxidant effects of seaweeds and their active compounds on animal health and production – a review. Vet Q. 2022;42:48–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

80.

Wells ML, Potin P, Craigie JS, Raven JA, Merchant SS, Helliwell KE, et al. Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. J Appl Phycol. 2017;29:949–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

81.

Gotteland M, Riveros K, Gasaly N, Carcamo C, Magne F, Liabeuf G, et al. The pros and cons of using algal polysaccharides as prebiotics. Front Nutr. 2020;7:163. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

82.

Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, et al. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: a review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. Algal Res. 2021;57:102331. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

83.

Beaumont M, Tran R, Vera G, Niedrist D, Rousset A, Pierre R, et al. Hydrogel-forming algae polysaccharides: from seaweed to biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules. 2021;22:1027–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

84.

De Luca M, Pappalardo I, Limongi AR, Viviano E, Radice RP, Todisco S, et al. Lipids from microalgae for cosmetic applications. Cosmetics. 2021;8:52. [DOI]

85.

Pacheco D, García-Poza S, Cotas J, Gonçalves AMM, Pereira L. Fucoidan - a valuable source from the ocean to pharmaceutical. Front Drug Chem Clin Res. 2020;3:1–4. [DOI]

86.

Apostolova E, Lukova P, Baldzhieva A, Katsarov P, Nikolova M, Iliev I, et al. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of fucoidan: a review. Polymers (Basel). 2020;12:2338. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

87.

Pentón-Rol G, Marín-Prida J, McCarty MF. C-Phycocyanin-derived phycocyanobilin as a potential nutraceutical approach for major neurodegenerative disorders and COVID-19- induced damage to the nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19:2250–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

88.

Perera RMTD, Herath KHINM, Sanjeewa KKA, Jayawardena TU. Recent reports on bioactive compounds from marine cyanobacteria in relation to human health applications. Life (Basel). 2023;13:1411. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

89.

Besednova NN, Andryukov BG, Zaporozhets TS, Kryzhanovsky SP, Kuznetsova TA, Fedyanina LN, et al. Algae polyphenolic compounds and modern antibacterial strategies: current achievements and immediate prospects. Biomedicines. 2020;8:342. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Kumar LRG, Paul PT, Anas KK, Tejpal CS, Chatterjee NS, Anupama TK, et al. Phlorotannins-bioactivity and extraction perspectives. J Appl Phycol. 2022;34:2173–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

91.

Chen W, Li T, Du S, Chen H, Wang Q. Microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acids: hotspots and production techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1146881. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

92.

Katiyar R, Arora A. Health promoting functional lipids from microalgae pool: a review. Algal Res. 2020;46:101800. [DOI]

93.

Nair A, Ahirwar A, Singh S, Lodhi R, Lodhi A, Rai A, et al. Astaxanthin as a king of ketocarotenoids: structure, synthesis, accumulation, bioavailability and antioxidant properties. Mar Drugs. 2023;21:176. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

94.

Murphy EJ, Fehrenbach GW, Abidin IZ, Buckley C, Montgomery T, Pogue R, et al. Polysaccharides-naturally occurring immune modulators. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15:2373. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

95.

Geetha Bai R, Tuvikene R. Potential antiviral properties of industrially important marine algal polysaccharides and their significance in fighting a future viral pandemic. Viruses. 2021;13:1817. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

96.

Carpena M, Caleja C, Pereira E, Pereira C, Ćirić A, Soković M, et al. Red seaweeds as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds: optimization of the extraction. Chemosensors. 2021;9:132. [DOI]

97.

Pereira L. Seaweeds as source of bioactive substances and skin care therapy—cosmeceuticals, algotheraphy, and thalassotherapy. Cosmetics. 2018;5:68. [DOI]

98.

Fluhr JW, Breternitz M, Kowatzki D, Bauer A, Bossert J, Elsner P, et al. Silver-loaded seaweed-based cellulosic fiber improves epidermal skin physiology in atopic dermatitis: safety assessment, mode of action and controlled, randomized single-blinded exploratory in vivo study. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19:e9–15. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Gil TY, Kang YM, Eom YJ, Hong CH, An HJ. Anti-atopic dermatitis effect of seaweed fulvescens extract via inhibiting the STAT1 pathway. Mediators Inflamm. 2019;2019:3760934. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

100.

Guzmán S, Gato A, Lamela M, Freire-Garabal M, Calleja JM. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytother Res. 2003;17:665–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

101.

Yang K, Kim SY, Park JH, Ahn WG, Jung SH, Oh D, et al. Topical application of phlorotannins from brown seaweed mitigates radiation dermatitis in a mouse model. Mar Drugs. 2020;18:377. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

102.

Sugiura Y, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Amano H. The anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins from the edible brown algae, Ecklonia sp. and Eisenia sp. Nat Prod Commun. 2021;16:1934578X211060924. [DOI]

103.

Behrens M. Marinova’s fucoidan seaweed actives for skin and nutricosmetics [Internet]. Allured Business Media; 2024 [cited 2023 Jun 26]. Available from: https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/cosmetic-ingredients/natural-sustainable/news/21843684/marinova-pty-ltd-marinovas-fucoidan-seaweed-actives-for-skin-and-nutricosmetics

104.

Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, et al. Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2694–701. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Dolorosa MT, Nurjanah, Purwaningsih S, Anwar E. Utilization of Kappaphycus alvarezii and Sargassum plagyophyllum from Banten as cosmetic creams. In: IOP conference series: earth and environmental science. The 4th EMBRIO International Symposium and the 7th International Symposium of East Asia Fisheries and Technologists Association; 2019 Aug 5-6; Bogor, Indonesia. IOP Publishing Ltd; 2020. p. 012008. [DOI]

106.

Sanjeewa KKA, Fernando IPS, Samarakoon KW, Lakmal HHC, Kim EA, Kwon ON, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of sterol rich fraction of cultured marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata. Algae. 2016;31:277–87. [DOI]

107.

Mosxou D, Letsiou S. Exploring the protective effects of Phaeodactylum tricornutum extract on LPS-treated fibroblasts. Cosmetics. 2021;8:76. [DOI]

108.

Mihindukulasooriya SP, Kim HJ, Cho J, Herath KHINM, Yang J, Dinh DTT, et al. Polyphenol-rich Sargassum horneri alleviates atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing Th2-mediated cytokine IL-13. Algae. 2022;37:331–47. [DOI]

109.

López-Hortas L, Flórez-Fernández N, Torres MD, Ferreira-Anta T, Casas MP, Balboa EM, et al. Applying seaweed compounds in cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics. Mar Drugs. 2021;19:552. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

110.

Tsakok T, Woolf R, Smith CH, Weidinger S, Flohr C. Atopic dermatitis: the skin barrier and beyond. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180:464–74. [DOI] [PubMed]

111.

Matias M, Pinteus S, Martins A, Silva J, Alves C, Mouga T, et al. Gelidiales are not just agar—revealing the antimicrobial potential of Gelidium corneum for skin disorders. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11:481. [DOI]

112.

Freitas R, Martins A, Silva J, Alves C, Pinteus S, Alves J, et al. Highlighting the biological potential of the brown seaweed Fucus spiralis for skin applications. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9:611. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

113.

Morais T, Cotas J, Pacheco D, Pereira L. Seaweeds compounds: an ecosustainable source of cosmetic ingredients? Cosmetics. 2021;8:8. [DOI]

114.

Kumari A, Garima, Bharadvaja N. A comprehensive review on algal nutraceuticals as prospective therapeutic agent for different diseases. 3 Biotech. 2023;13:44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

115.

Abo-Shady AM, Gheda SF, Ismail GA, Cotas J, Pereira L, Abdel-Karim OH. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of algae. Life (Basel). 2023;13:460. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

116.

Mohibbullah M, Haque MN, Sohag AAM, Hossain MT, Zahan MS, Uddin MJ, et al. A systematic review on marine algae-derived fucoxanthin: an update of pharmacological insights. Mar Drugs. 2022;20:279. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

117.

Choo WT, Teoh ML, Phang SM, Convey P, Yap WH, Goh BH, et al. Microalgae as potential anti-inflammatory natural product against human inflammatory skin diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1086. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

118.

Barbosa M, Lopes G, Andrade PB, Valentão P. Bioprospecting of brown seaweeds for biotechnological applications: phlorotannin actions in inflammation and allergy network. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2019;86:153–71. [DOI]

119.

Xia D, Qiu W, Wang X, Liu J. Recent advancements and future perspectives of microalgae-derived pharmaceuticals. Mar Drugs. 2021;19:703. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

120.

Ashour M, Omran AMM. Recent advances in marine microalgae production: highlighting human health products from microalgae in view of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Fermentation. 2022;8:466. [DOI]

121.

Fabris M, Abbriano RM, Pernice M, Sutherland DL, Commault AS, Hall CC, et al. Emerging technologies in algal biotechnology: toward the establishment of a sustainable, algae-based bioeconomy. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:279. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

122.

Liu Y, Ren X, Fan C, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Health benefits, food applications, and sustainability of microalgae-derived N-3 PUFA. Foods. 2022;11:1883. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]